What is a molecular formula? List various molecular formulas. Also, explain how one can identify the molecular formula of a compound from its name or structural formula.
Molecular formula is made of the chemical symbols of constituent elements, which is followed by numeric subscripts that describe the total number of atoms of each element of a molecule. The molecular formulas are easy to understand and compact, the only factor they lack is the information regarding the atomic arrangement and bonding that is present in the structural formula. The exact number and type of atoms present in a singular molecule of a compound is given by molecular formula. The elements that constitute a molecule with number of atoms present in each element of each molecule is given as a subscript that is followed by symbol of the element. Information’s like proportionality of atoms making a specific chemical compound is expressed by a single line of chemical element numbers and symbols. Often, other symbols are used in representation of compounds molecular formula like dashes, brackets, parentheses, minus ( - ) and plus ( + ) signs.
Organic compounds have hydrogen and carbon listed as the first element of the molecular formula, that is followed by other remaining elements written in alphabetic order. Example is given like, in case of butane, the molecular formula is C4H10. Ionic compounds have cation preceding the anion for a molecular formula like, the molecular formula for an ionic compound sodium fluoride is NaF. Molecular formula is not the chemical name of a compound, and does not contain any words. This is entirely different from the structural formula, which has a full chemical structure formula whereas molecular formula may imply certain simplified chemical structures.
The indication of a simple number of each atom present in a molecule. Molecular formula and empirical formula are same for a molecule consisting of one particular type of atom. Molecular formula of a compound helps in determining the molecule whether it is a ternary compound, binary compound or quaternary compound. The expression of number of atoms of each elements in one molecule of a compound is termed as molecular formula. The molecular formula is calculated using the empirical formula if the molar mass value of a compound is known.
n = molar mass/mass of the empirical formula = number of empirical formula unit.
The molecular formula is derived by multiplying the percent composition by the molecular weight, after that each value is divided by the molecular weight, these values are rounded off to the closest whole number.
The list of various compound names and molecular formulas are presented below.
Acetic Acid = CH3COOH
Hydrochloric Acid = HCl
Sulfuric Acid = H2SO4
Acetate = CH3COO-
Ammonia = NH3
Nitric Acid = HNO3
Phosphoric Acid = H3PO4
Sodium Phosphate = Na3PO4
Calcium Carbonate = CaCO3
Ammonium sulfate = (NH4)2SO4
Carbonic Acid = H2CO3
Sodium bicarbonate = NaHCO3
Sodium hydroxide = NaOH
Calcium hydroxide = Ca(OH)2
Ethanol = C2H5OH
Hydrobromic acid = HBr
Sulfuric acid = H2SO4
Nitrous acid = HNO2
Potassium hydroxide = KOH
Silver nitrate = AgNO3
Sodium carbonate = NA2CO3
Sodium chloride = NaCl
Cellulose = (C6H10O5)n
Magnesium hydroxide = Mg(OH)2
Methane = CH4
Nitrogen dioxide = NO2
Potassium hydroxide = KOH
Sodium nitrate = NaNO3
Sulfurous acid = H2SO3
Aluminium sulfate = Al2(SO4)3
Aluminium oxide = Al2O3
Ammonia = NH3
Ammonium nitrate = NH4NO3
Ammonium phosphate = (NH4)3PO4
Barium hydroxide = Ba(OH)2
Carbon tetrachloride = CCl4
Citric acid = C6H8O7
Hydrocyanic acid = HCN
Salicylic Acid = C7H6O3
Hydroiodic acid = Hl
Hypochlorous acid = HClO
Iron iii oxide = Fe2O3
Magnesium phosphate = Mg3(PO4)2
Sodium acetate = NA2SO4
Sucrose = C12H22O11
Potassium nitrate = KNO3
Ammonium bicarbonate = NH4HCO3
Ammonium chloride = NH4Cl
Ammonium hydroxide = NH4OH
Calcium nitrate = Ca(NO3)2
Calcium oxide = CaO
Carbon monoxide = CO
Chlorine gas = Cl2
Phenol = C6H6O
Hydrogen peroxide = H2O2
Hydroxide = OH-
Magnesium chloride = MgCl2
Magnesium hydroxide = Mg(OH)2
Potassium chloride = KCl
Potassium iodide = Kl
Sulfur dioxide = SO2
Glycerin = C3H8O3
Ammonium sulfate = (NH4)2SO4
Barium nitrate = Ba(NO3)2
Calcium acetate = C4H6O4Ca
Sulfurous Acid = H2SO3
Iron oxide = Fe2O3
Potassium carbonate = K2CO3
Silver chloride = AgCl
Sodium iodide = Nal
Sodium oxide = NA2O
Sodium sulfide = Na2S
Sucrose = C12H22O11
Zinc nitrate = Zn(NO3)2
Aluminium Sulfate = AL2(SO4)2
Phenolphthalein = C20H1404
Magnesium nitrate = Mg(NO3)2
Silicon dioxide = SiO2
Acetone = C3H6O
Hydroquinone = C6H6O2
Pyridine = C5H5N
Ammonium acetate = C2H3O2NH4
Xylene = C8H10
Barium sulfate = BaSO4
Benzene = C6H6
Bicarbonate = CHO3-
Chromate = CrO42-
Methyl Ethyl Ketone = C4H8O
Cyanide = CN-
Trichloroacetic acid = C2HCl3O2
Magnesium sulfate = MgSO4
Methanol = CH3OH
Nitrogen dioxide = NO2
Oxygen = O
Methylene blue = C6H18ClN3S
Sodium sulfite = Na2SO3
Sulfur trioxide = SO3
Aluminium phosphate = AlPO4
Stearic Acid = C18H36O2
The structural formula in a compound provides same type of information, just like the molecular formula but it also includes the connection of atoms in the molecule. For example, structural formula of methane has symbols of one C atom, and four H atoms, which indicates the number of molecules in the atom. There are connecting lines between the atoms to show the structure of bonding holding the atoms together to form the molecules. The identification of molecular formula from the structural formula of a compound is easy and does not involve much work. The significant factor, which must be kept in mind is that the structural formula is similar to the molecular formula, but includes the connecting lines showing the connection of each atom in the molecule of a compound. The structural formula also depicts the bonding of atoms, whether the bonding is single, or double or triple covalent bonding. These covalent bonds in a structural formula are represented in the form of lines, the dashes indicate whether the bond is single, double or triple. Thus, the derivation of molecular formula from the structural formula involves removing the connecting lines, which is a pictorial representation of the bonding occurring between the atoms of a molecule, hence the derivation of molecular formula from structural formula is an easy process.
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