Syndrome Menopausal Symptoms and Tremors

Running he ad: HERBAL MONOGRAPH HERBAL MONOGRAPH Name of the Student Name of the University Author Note 1 HERBAL MONOGRAPH Introduction Valeriana officinalis is considered to be a flowering plant of Asia and Europe. The height of the plant is almost to 1.5 metres in summer and it carries a white and pink flower which is of sweet smell. This herb has been used as a medicinal herb since the time of Rome and Gree ce. It was sometimes used as a remedy for insomnia (Sarris & Mclntyre 2017) . The biochemical composition includes Alkaloids, Isovaleraminde, Gamma -aminobutyric acid, iridoids, isovaleric and Flavanones (Sanchez et al., 2020) . The parts of this plant which is used are root and rhizome. The below paper will discuss about Valeriana officinalis and its use as medicines. Discussion Description of the herb Traditional and historical use of the medicine This drug was found to be used in Greece and Rome for curing many conditions. In traditional prescribing this drug is particularly used in large doses in stimulating brain and thereby reducing issues such as perverted vision, giddiness, headaches, nausea, agitation and restlessness. Traditionally this drug is also used by the individual in large dosages for causing increase of urine reducing pulse fluctuation and drowsiness. It was also used for reducing the issue of insomnia (Dweack, 2017) . Traditionally, this drug is found to be used for mild spasmodic movem ents, rheumatic pains, chorea, intestinal colic and cramps. Among Native Americans this drug is used for curing internal haemorrhage and tapeworm infestation and used for curing symptoms and wounds and other swollen and bruised parts , whereas, the Mexican valerian used this drug for getting sedative effects. 2 HERBAL MONOGRAPH Botanical description of species This plant belongs to the plant family of Valerianaceae . It is commonly known as garden heliotrope or common valerian and it is also known as all -heal . The plant cons ists of clumping perennial with stems, leaves, roots and flowers. The type of herb is known as herbaceous perennial and leaf fragrant. It belongs to Western Asia and Europe. It is used as herbal supplement used for the treatment of disorder, insomnia, depr ession, infantile, epilepsy, menstrual cramps, menopausal and tremors (Martinho et al., 2020) . The common name of this drug is Mexican valerian whereas its botanical name is Valeriana edulis. Specify botanical part used The parts used for root, rhizome for providing effective medicines in reducing many conditions. The active constituents’ parts are alkaloids, iridoids, sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes. It is used for providing various anxiolytic, sedative, hypnotic, mild anodyne, hypotensive, carminative and anti -convulsant. In medicine, the root of V.officinalis is used as a diuretic. The drugs sometimes also found to develop from rhizome which due to its powerful aroma which makes it distinguishable from others (Martinho et al., 2020) . Plant identificat ion It is an upright perennial plant which spreads with the help of underground runners and it is also found to spread with the help of seeds. The plant can be identified by the structure which is the branching stems are found to carry the leaves in oppo site side and the lower leaves are stalked while the upper leaves are stalkless. The pinnate are of 6 to 11 lanceolate. Active constituents Chemical constituents 3 HERBAL MONOGRAPH The biochemical composition of this drug consists of alkaloids such as valerene, chatinine, actinidine and shyanthine. The isovaleramide composition is also extracted from this plant. It also consists of gamma -aminobutyric acid, isovaleric acid, iridiods which consist of valtrate, isovaltrate and valepotriates. The other biochemical compositions are sesquiterpenes such as acetoxyvalerenic acid and hydroxyvalerenic and lastly, flavanones such as linarin, 6 -methylapigenin and hesperidin. However, the plant consists of various amino acid most valerenic acid and lignans which helps in exerting sedati ve effect. Chen et al., (2015) stated that the Valerian a asp consists of essential oils which is found in higher amount during the cultivation period of November and September. Iridoids are also present in this plant which consist of valepotriates and didr ovaltrate derivates which provides sedative action. The lignanoids which are present are 8’ -hydroxypinoresinal, massoniresinol -4’-O- beta -D-glucise, 8 -hydroxypinoresinol -4’ -O-D-glucoside. The flavonoids which are present in this are apigenin, luteolin, acac etin, luteolin, linarin, kaempferol and quercetin. Lastly, the plant consists of various amino acids such as tyrosine, caffeic acid, GABA, chlorogenic acid, sitosterol and tannins (Houghton, 2017) . Mechanism of Action This drug is primarily used for div erse purpose such as reducing pain by acting as a sedative. The herbal medicine works with the help of GABAa receptor which is class where the benzodiazepine found to act. The valeric acid which is present in the drug is responsible for the providing a dif ferent aroma and it has no such sedative property however, it is widely prescribed for delivering anticonvulsant effect. The isovaltrate is present in this drug is found to act by an inverse agonist for adenosine A1 receptor site. The valerenic acid is fou nd to be stimulated by serotonin receptor as a partial agonist which includes 5 -HT 5A and helps in regulating sleep and wake cycle. Hence, the primary mechanism of action of this drug is that it shows similar effect like that of benzodiapines and it binds t o beta submit of GABA -A 4 HERBAL MONOGRAPH receptor and it delivers same effect upon chloride movement in the neuron when the major inhibitory neurotransmitter binds to the GABA -receptor causing hyperpolarisation state (Camfield et al., 2017) . Clinical Indication Major therapeutic indication The clinical indication of this drug is it is used for the treatment of insomnia or sleep disorder, anxiety disorder, depression, infantile, attention deficit -hyperactivity disorder, chronic fatigueness syndrome, menopausal s ymptoms and tremors. This drug is also used for reducing sleep disorder by promoting sleeping and lowering night awakenings. It also helps in lowering intestinal colic, mild spasmodic movements, epilepsy, excessive stress, nervousness and tension. Evidenc e Shinjyo et al., (2020) stated that sleep issue is highly prevalent among many individuals which increases the risk of developing anxiety . The herbal medicine drug Valerian is a popular drug which is used for improving sleep among patients. The result of the study highlighted that due to variable quality of herbal extract and an entire reliable effect is found in this drug when the herbal extract was done from the root. In comparison to effective cure to the condition the drug has no such adverse effe ct upon the patient in any individual of age 7 to 80. He nce in this case, the study highlighted that Valerian is one of the effective and safe drugs which helps in promoting sleep and preventing any associated condition. Savage et al., (2017) stated that a nxiety disorder occurs due to excessive psychological stress and it is characterized by lack of proper sleep along with that it increases the risk of muscle tension. Gamma -aminobutyric acid is found to be presented in this herbal medicine which initiates t he neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and thereby 5 HERBAL MONOGRAPH reduces the issue of anxiety among individual. This drug valerian also consists of this amino acid which acts as an inhibitory property and thereby improving the condition of the patients suffer ing from anxiety. Sarikurkcu et al., (2020) stated that Valeriana root extraction is considered to be one of the most effective herbal medicine which helps in treating sleep disorder. The research is aimed at measuring the antioxidant activity and also to determine the phenolic compound of various groups of this herbal medicine. The result of the study highlighted that methanol extraction from this herbal drug is found to deliver highest antioxidant activity and the composition of chlorogenic acid is highe st in the extraction. The study also determined that tyrosinase inhibitory effect is present in this drug which acts as an antioxidant activity in the body. Drug Interaction It has been determined that this drug has no such severe interaction with other t ypes of drugs. However, mild interaction is found with certain drugs such as irinotecan and irinotecan liposomal. It has been also found that consumption of this drug increases the effect in the central nervous system and the effect increases with the co nsumption of alcohol or another depressant. In spite of the warning factor, various studies determined that valepotriates does not deliver the present effect upon alcohol and no such interaction is found between drugs (Izzo et al., 2016) . Side Effects Some of the side effects which is found among the patient who received this drug are heart disturbance, excessive headache, excitability, hepatotoxicity, sedation, uneasiness, exclusive morning drowsiness and insomnia. 6 HERBAL MONOGRAPH Dosage The aqueous extract is usuall y consumed 400 - 900 mg orally in every two hours before bedtime. Similarly, the ethanol extraction is recommended within a dose strength of 600mg orally at bedtime. The fresh root or dried root is recommended at 2 to 3grams orally. It can also be consum ed in combination with lemon balm or hops and during that time the drug is recommended with the strength of 320 - 500 mg orally. The drug must be consumed for 28 days and that those are the strength should not be exceed based upon the patient condition. Ho wever, it is recommended that 2 -6 ml of1st to liquid extraction is recommended per day in order to reduce the condition (Deepika & Vijayalakshmi, 2018) . Contractions This drug is found to be contradicted with hypersensitive drug however no such information has been gained in terms of drug abuse. Some of the precaution which needs to be maintained while consuming drug is it should not be consumed with central nervous system depressant or concurrent use with 3A4 substrate. it should be avoided dur ing pregnancy and lactation period. Conclusion The above paper discussed about Valeriana officinalis and its various use in medicine for curing the condition. This herb has been used as a medicinal herb since the time of Rome and Greece. It was sometimes used as a remedy for insomnia. Lastly, the paper discussed about dosage, side effects and contradiction. 7 HERBAL MONOGRAPH References Camfield, D. A., McIntyre, E., & Sarris, J. (2017). The need for evidence -based herbal and nutritional anxiety treatments in psychiatry . In Evidence -Based Herbal and Nutritional Treatments for Anxiety in Psychiatric Disorders (pp. 1 -7). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978 -3-319 -42307 -4_1 Chen, H. W., Wei, B. J., He, X. H. , Liu, Y., & Wang, J. (2015). Chemical components and cardiovascular activities of Valeriana spp. Evidence -Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine , 2015 . https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/9476 19 Dweck, A. C. (2017). AN INTRODUCTION TO VALERIAN Valeriana officinalis and related species. In Valerian (pp. 1 -20). Routledge. Houghton, P. J. (2017). The chemistry of Valeriana. In Valerian (pp. 21 -54). Routledge. Izzo, A. A., Hoon ‐Kim, S., Radhakrishn an, R., & Williamson, E. M. (2016). A critical approach to evaluating clinical efficacy, adverse events and drug interactions of herbal remedies. Phytotherapy Research , 30 (5), 691 -700. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5591 Lakshmi Deepika, D. P. J., & Vijayalakshmi, P. (2018). A STUDY ON ANALGESIC ACTIVITY OF VALERIANA WALLICHI (TAGARA) WITH COMPARISON TO STANDARD DRUG PIROXICAM IN MALE ALBINO RATS. European Journal of Biomedical , 5(4), 801 -805. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Payala - Martinho, A., Silva, S. M., Rosado, T., Domingues, F. C., Silvestre, S., Breitenfeld, L., ... & Gallardo, E. (2020). Valeriana spp.: Biological Activities and New In vitro and In 8 HERBAL MONOGRAPH vivo Perspe ctives. Current Bioactive Compounds , 16 (3), 210 -242. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573407214666181026111431 Sánchez, M., González -Burgos, E., Iglesias, I., Lozano, R., & Gómez -Serranillos, M. P. (2020). Current uses and knowledge of medicinal plants in the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain): A descriptive cross -sectional study. BMC complementary medicine and therapies , 20 (1), 1 -13. htt ps://doi.org/10.1186/s12906 -020 -03089 -x Sarikurkcu, C., Jeszka -Skowron, M., & Ozer, M. S. (2020). Valeriana dioscoridis aerial parts' extracts -A new source of phytochemicals with antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. Industrial Crops and Products , 148 , 112273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112273 Sarris, J., & McIntyre, E. (2017). Herbal anxiolytics with sedative actions. In Evidence -based herbal and nutritional treatments for anxiety in psychiatric disorders (pp. 11 -31). Springer, Cham. Savage, K., Firth, J., Stough, C., & Sarris, J. (2018). GABA ‐modulating phytomedicines for anxiety: A systematic review of precli nical and clinical evidence. Phytotherapy Research , 32 (1), 3 -18. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.5940 Shinjyo, N., Waddell, G., & Green, J. (2020). Valerian root in treating sleep problems and associated disorde rs— A systematic review and meta -analysis. Journal of evidence - based integrative medicine , 25 , 2515690X20967323. https://doi.org/10.1177/2515690X20967323