BIOL 115 Essential Biology

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26-01-2021

Course Code: BIOL 115
University: McGill University

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Country: Canada

Questions:

1. Identify the major concepts in the Introduction and link them to create a concept map, as we did in Practical 1.You may use software such as XMind (www.xmind.net) or similar, or hand-draw your concept map. The concept map is considered a figure and will not contribute to the 500 words limit.
2. Select one sentence that includes many scientific terms and put its meaning into plain English, rather than using technical jargon.
We want you to “translate” a sentence that can be understood by someone who is not familiar with science.
3. Identify and explain the aims of the paper.What is the central point the authors are testing or investigating?
4. Did the authors address the aims?After reading the entire paper, do you think the authors addressed the aims adequately? Was the method designed well to address the aims? Were the aims referred to in the discussion and conclusion?
5. Are the conclusions that the authors came to justified based on their results?After reading the entire paper, do you think the authors conclusions are justified based on their results, or have they over-stretched the implications of their results? Is the discussion overly speculative, or is it valid and supported by their data?
6. Select one figure from the paper and add your own annotations (comments) to indicate what the various parts of the figure mean. but be concise in your explanations. Do not copy the figure legend or plagiarise the text in the article. Don’t just explain what the figure is showing, but indicate its meaning.
7. If you had the lab and equipment, what would you do next to further investigate these findings?Design an experiment to do next; clearly articulate the aim of your experiment, and the approach you would take.

Answers:

Question 1 importance

Advantages

Concept map

The concept map illustrates the importance of noninvasive blood test it gives information on fetal growth and also gives information on gestation age. The advantage of concept map is that its cheaper compared to ultra sound and it helps predict preterm birth.

Question 2

“Although biologists now have detailed cellular and molecular portraits of both fetal and placental development, this knowledge has not yet translated into molecular tests that reliably predict gestational age for individual pregnancies” (Ngo, Moufarrej, Rasmussen, Camunas-Sole, Pan, Okamoto, Neff, Liu, Wong, Downes & Tibshirani, 2018 p.1134)

This sentence implies that, biologist have adequate knowledge of the structure and functions of the cell, as well as the molecular basis of biological activity among biomolecules in the various components of a cell for both the mother and the fetus development, the information has not yet been changed to molecular test which effectively estimates the age of the fetus during the pregnancy.

Question 3

The author wants to prove that the noninvasive blood test is the most efficient and effective test that can be used to determine the fetus gestation period as it is more accurate and cheaper as compared to the ultrasound. With the noninvasive blood test, the doctors are able to prevent the death of infants are they are able to determine if the baby will be born preterm and thus give the mother the necessary medication thus avoiding the risk of infant death.

Question 4

From the reading the article, the author has adequately addressed the aims of the test as described in the article. The author has examined the aims of the article. The author has sample 31 pregnant women to show the efficiency of the noninvasive blood test and has reinstated it by reviewing other studies too. Have used graphs, correlations, and histograms to determine the effectiveness of the test as compared to the other means available.

Question 5

The author has concluded that noninvasive test by the blood test, is able to determine the gestational and also determine women who are at risk of preterm birth. According to the author, this tests are broader and less expensive and can be used all over the world. It is also able to determine any defects on the fetus. Thus the mother can receive immediate treatment. The author has justified the finding as have proved the effectiveness of this test through sampling. There are graphs, chats and have analyzed each result to show their correlations.

Question 6

Measurements are highly correlated with each other [median Pearson correlation r = 0.79 (placenta), 0.79 (immune), 0.74 (fetal liver); P < 10−14]

‘results are significantly related with a correlation of r=0.79, 0.79 and 0.74, for placenta, immune and the fetal l This implies that the placenta, fetal liver, and its immunity are significantly related. The development one affects the other and vice-versa (Angus, Seymour, Coopersmith, Deutschman, Klompas, Levy, Martin, Osborn, Rhee & Watson 2016 p.113)

Question 7

An experiment to determine the probability of infants contracting hereditary diseases. Although doctors can prevent diseases such as hepatitis from being transmitted to infants, hereditary diseases such as diabetes, asthma or high blood pressure cannot be prevented as there transmitted through genes (McPherson & Pincus 2017). By noninvasive blood test, a test to examine the presence of such genes is recommended. This will enable the doctor to prescribe the necessary medication to the pregnant women to cure the disease. The main aim of this test is to further determine if the fetus is at risk of contracting hereditary diseases by taking the blood samples of the pregnant mother who have such diseases. The advantages of this test are to save the lives and are also convenient and faster at it only requires the blood samples from the previous tests in the noninvasive test (King, Garçon, Hoyer, Iolascon, Picard, Stewart, Bianchi, Lee & Zanella 2015 p. 319).

References

Angus, D.C., Seymour, C.W., Coopersmith, C.M., Deutschman, C., Klompas, M., Levy, M.M., Martin, G.S., Osborn, T.M., Rhee, C. and Watson, R.S., 2016. A framework for the development and interpretation of different sepsis definitions and clinical criteria. Critical care medicine, 44(3), p.e113.

King, M.J., Garçon, L., Hoyer, J.D., Iolascon, A., Picard, V., Stewart, G., Bianchi, P., Lee, S.H., Zanella, A. and International Council for Standardization in Haematology, 2015. ICSH guidelines for the laboratory diagnosis of nonimmune hereditary red cell membrane disorders. International journal of laboratory hematology, 37(3), pp.304-325.

McPherson, R.A. and Pincus, M.R., 2017. Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.

Ngo, T.T., Moufarrej, M.N., Rasmussen, M.L.H., Camunas-Soler, J., Pan, W., Okamoto, J., Neff, N.F., Liu, K., Wong, R.J., Downes, K. and Tibshirani, R., 2018. Noninvasive blood tests for fetal development predict gestational age and preterm delivery. Science, 360(6393), pp.1133-1136.