International Standards, E-Commerce, Legislations, OECD: An Essay Overview.

Discussed the assessment environment and the process covering when the assessment will occur, where the assessment will occur, who will assess the candidate, and the feedback process.

Discussed the various methods of assessment, assessment instruments, submission requirements and the due date.

Discussed what resources are required to successfully complete this assessment

Discussed what performance level is required for each assessment task.

International Standards/Policies/Guidelines

For the Australian standards/ policies/ guidelines, the description is given below:

Australian Standards/ Policies/ Guidelines	Examples	Description of the Standards/ Policies/ Guidelines
Environmental matters	The most relevant and suitable Australian policy in terms of environmental matters is Environmental Sustainability Policy.	As per the Environmental Sustainability Policy, the various issues like greenhouse gas emission, ozone layer depletion, energy use, potable water use as well as waste water or resource recovery are well managed and covered (Gillespie and Riddle 2015).
Human Rights	The most relevant and suitable Australian policy in terms of Human Rights is Australian Human Rights Commission Act.	The Australian Human Rights Commission Act is responsible for investigating and resolving the complaints about alleged breaches of human rights against the Australian agencies and employees.
Labour Relations	The most relevant and suitable Australian policy in terms of Labour Relations is Australian Industrial Relations Commission or AIRC.	This particular policy or standard of Australian Industrial Relations Commission is responsible for providing machineries for the proper prevention and settlement of industrial disputes and even setting out of minimum entitlements of employees or allowing for the enforcement and negotiation of the individual and collective employment agreements (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2013).
Packaging	The most relevant and suitable Australian policy in terms of packaging is Australian Packaging Covenant.	The Australian Packaging Covenant is the major national instrument for reducing the environmental impacts of consumer packaging within Australia since the year of 1999. The optimization of resource recovery of the consumer packaging through supply chain is fulfilled by this policy.
Risk Management	The most relevant and suitable Australian Standard in terms of risk management is Australian and New Zealand Standard on Risk Management or AS/NZ ISO 31000:2009.	As per Australian and New Zealand Standard on Risk Management, the risk management framework is the set of components, which give the proper organizational arrangements and foundations for implementation and designing of major risks in the organization (Strauss and Frost 2016).

For the International standards/ policies/ guidelines, the description is given below:

International Standards/ Policies/ Guidelines	Examples	Description of the Standards/ Policies/ Guidelines
Environmental matters	The most relevant and suitable International Standard or policy in terms of environmental matters is International Environmental Policy (Kerin et al. 2013).	With the International Environmental Policy, the increasing globalization issues and other issues like climate protection, sustainable energy policies, conservation of forests, and preservation of the biological diversity are managed in an efficient manner.
Human Rights	The most relevant and suitable International Standard or policy in terms of Human Rights is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights or UDHR.	As per Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the human rights of the employees within any specific organization should be preserved and maintained after following international relations or IR.
Labour Relations	The most relevant and suitable International Standard or policy in terms of Labour Relations is Employment Policy Convention 1964.	This particular policy of Employment Policy Convention 1964 needs ratifying states in declaration and pursuing of active policy and is designed for the purpose of complete, productive and selected employment and labour relations are maintained.
Packaging	The most relevant and suitable International Standard or policy in terms of Packaging is The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1976.	The specific standard of The Standards of Weights and Measures Act 1976, states that a proper weight of the items should be measured before packaging it for ensuring damage control to a high level (Babin and Zikmund 2015).
Risk Management	The most relevant and suitable International Standard or policy in terms of Risk Management for International Travel.	This particular policy of international risk management states about the management of risks for the international travelling for any customer.

2.1 E Commerce

E commerce stands for electronic commerce and it eventually refers to the significant buying as well as selling of various types of goods and services with the help of the Internet connection and even the money transfer or data that are required for executing the transactions. It is the significant activity to buy and sell online services over the Internet (Hills and Hultman 2013). Various technologies like electronic fund transfer, online transaction processing, mobile commerce, EDI or electronic data interchange and many more.

2.2 Differences between B2B, B2C, C2C, C2B and B2G

B2B or business to business is the significant situation in which any one specific business can make various commercial transactions with another. The business is the sourcing materials for the production procedure to gain outputs.

B2C or business to consumer eventually refers to the several transactions that are being conducted directly within customers and any specific company. These customers are the end users of the respective products and services.

C2C or customer to customer is the business model, in which customers could trade with one another usually within the online environment (Tsitsi Chikandiwa, Contogiannis and Jembere 2013). The two deployments of C2C markets are classified advertisements and auctions.

C2B or customer to business is the business model, where the individuals or customers could create values and businesses could consume the value. The customer is creating the value for their business when the business is adopting he input.

B2G or business to government substantially refers to the business relationship that any organization could have with the governmental institution. It refers to the offering of services, information and products online.

2.3 Differences between Brick and Mortar and Click and Mortar

Brick and Mortar or B&M refers to the physical presence of a business or company within building and other structure. It possesses and leases retail shops, warehouses and factory production facilities for the operations. Click and Mortar, on the other hand is different from B&M since Click and Mortar is the kind of business model, which comprises of both offline and online operations that involve physical stores and web sites. This type of business model could offer the customers major advantages of faster online transactions as well as traditional face to face services.

E-Commerce and Different Business Models

2.4 Three Global E Commerce Companies that Provide Service in Australia

The three global e commerce companies that subsequently provide significant services to the Australians and work in Australia are Amazon Inc, eBay Inc and B2W Companhia Digital (Lidstone and MacLennan 2017). These three e commerce globalized companies are quite popular and significant in the entire world and hence they are providing services to the Australians.

2.5 Three Technologies Used while Conducting International Electronic Commerce

Three distinct and latest technologies that are being utilized while conducting the international electronic commerce are Chatbot, Beacon technology and Augmented Reality Device. All of these above mentioned technologies are extremely important and significant in respect to the organizational electronic commerce and how these could be implemented.

Ten legislations, which affect aspects of business operations in marketing with proper explanation are as follows:

Legislations	Explanation
1. Racial Discrimination Act 1975	As per Racial Discrimination Act 1975, there should not have type of discrimination in terms of race or ethnicity and all individuals irrespective for their race, national origin and ethnicity should be provided the chance to execute business operations in a business.
2. Sex Discrimination Act 1984	As per Sex Discrimination Act 1984, each and every person irrespective of the gender should be provided the significant chance to complete their work and thus business operations could easily being executed with involvement of every employee.
3. Employment and Labour Law 2018	As per Employment and Labour Law 2018, each and every organization should allow their employees and labours to provide with ideas and methodologies for increasing the efficiency of business operations for proper enhancement of marketing.
4. Workplace Relations Act 1996	According to Workplace Relations Act 1996, the work place conditions should be made better and the previous labour government’s industrial relations are enhanced for starting the business operations.
5. Privacy Act 1988	As per Privacy Act 1988, the data related to marketing business operations should be publicly spread and such data should be handled by the practices of federal government.
6. Age Discrimination Act 2004	As per Age Discrimination Act 2004, all the individuals should be provided with an equivalent chance to complete their work in the organization irrespective of the age of that particular company.
7. World Trade Organizations or WTO	The multilateral and bilateral trade agreements are properly maintained with the help of WTO or World Trade Organizations. Export competition is being improved and access to market is enhanced.
8. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission or ACCC	It is the national statutory framework that helps in ensuring that trading is fair for the customers as well as the businesses. This particular framework is then both administered and enforced by ACCC or Australian Competition and Consumer Commission.
9. Australian Consumer Law	As per Australian Consumer Law, public or customers should be protected from the predatory and unfair business operations in marketing. Such laws even ensure protection of the public from illegal ways to do business and it needs compliance from the respective corporations.
10. Fair Trading Law	According to Fair Trading Law, the entire rule and regulation of trade and commerce should be fair enough and hence marketing and business operations of the specific organization are enhanced majorly and properly.

The role of OECD or Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development is the inert governmental economic organization that has 36 member countries. It was eventually founded in the year of 1961 for the purpose of stimulating the economic progress as well as world trade (Khan and Siddiqui 2013). This is the forum of countries that describe themselves as committed towards democracy as well as market economy for providing a distinctive platform for comparing policy experiences. In respect to global trading, the members of OECD or Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development are high income economies with the HDI or Human Development Index and then are regarded as the developed countries.

1.1 Assessment of International Trade Patterns and Identification of Likely Importance for the Business

A&A Coffee has decided to engage a Market Research Analyst for the core purpose of a thorough analysis of the basic information as well as proper evaluation of the viable and significant international market opportunities, which would align to the respective objectives and policies of the company. The management of this particular company has taken the major decision to expand the organizational business to it an Asia Pacific country and it is currently operating under free trade as well as protectionist arrangements. A proper evaluation of viable international market opportunities within the market of Asia Pacific is required for A&A Coffee. They have opened 22 stores in five states of Australia and the Arabica coffee beans are being sourced from the top quality coffee producers like El Salvador, Kenya, Indonesia and Colombia. The Marketing Manager of this particular organization will be reviewing the International Market Evaluation Report in the entire simulation.

1. a) Five International Trade Patterns that have Impact on A&A’s Market Expansion

Technologies Used in International Electronic Commerce

The international trade patterns are required to be assessed properly for this purpose so that a major impact on the market expansion of A&A Coffee is being enhanced subsequently. Five distinct trade patterns for their market expansion in the Asia Pacific country of China, India, Singapore and Cambodia are as follows:

1. i) For the low and middle income countries, the exports as the shares of the regional GDP have eventually grown sharply and same are for imports in the Asia Pacific countries like China,Singaporeand India.
2. ii) The next trade pattern is low trade growth for the high income countries. For Asia Pacific countries, this ranges between 17% until 26% for exports (Morrison 2013).

iii) The significant share of exports from lower to lower and middle income countries have raised from 24% to 42%.

1. iv) The exports’ sharing from the middle income to lower and middle income countries has raised from 33% to 46%.
2. v) The change in the past years, in which growth in the countries like Singapore subsequently suggest differences in resources or technologies are the stronger motivation for trade.
3. b) Likely Importance of Trade Patterns for A&A’s Expansion to Asia-Pacific Market

The importance of international trade patterns within different Asia Pacific countries should be checked for knowing the current market position and whether market expansion in these countries for A&A Coffee would be beneficial or not (Wilson 2018). This type of international trade pattern is the exchange of goods, services and capitals within the international borders and territories. In almost every Asia Pacific country, such trade patterns are responsible for representing significant sharing of the GDP or gross domestic product and hence the company of A&A would be benefitted majorly.

1.2 Researching International Business and Electronic Commerce Market Factors

1. a) Identification of Five International Business and E-commerce Factors for E-Commerce Diffusion in Asia-Pacific Market and Major Influences

Since A&A Coffee has decided to expand their business to expand their business in an Asia Pacific country, it is extremely important for them to learn about the international business and e-commerce market factors that could affect the e-commerce diffusion in the respective market of Asia Pacific business. Five such distinct factors with proper descriptions are as follows:

1. i) Regulation of Product Pricing: The first and the foremost electronic commerce or international business market factor for A&A is the significant regulation of product pricing. This is quite natural for the consumers to compare and contrast between brands. Hence, A&A Coffee should consider this factor.
2. ii) Maintenance of High Quality Products: A&A Coffee should maintain higher quality products and goods for their customers so that the customers are highly satisfied with them and do not opt for other similar brands of coffee.

iii) Improvement of Store Accessibility: As they will be entering a new market, it is extremely vital for them improve their storage accessibility to a higher position (Jones, Suoranta and Rowley 2013). This would be extremely helpful for them and their business expansion would be easier.

1. iv) Security to Shipments: The proper security to the shipments is yet another significant and important factor that strongly influences the diffusion of e-commerce within the market of Asia Pacific.
2. v) Advantage from m commerce: The fifth and the final factor related to e-commerce market is the core advantage from mobile commerce. This particular factor would strongly affect the respective e-commerce diffusion.

1.3 Identification of International Markets Operating under Free Trade or Protectionist Arrangements and Estimation of Likely Ease of Entering and Trading Successfully

1. a) Identification of Three Asia-Pacific Countries that Australia has Free Trade or Protectionist Agreement

Three Asia Pacific countries that Australia has free trade or protectionist agreement with are Singapore, China and India.

1. b) Ranking of Three Countries with Justification

As per ranking on the basis of their likely ease of entering as well as trading successfully would be:

1. i) 1^strank: Singapore.
2. ii) 2^ndrank: China.

iii) 3^rd rank: India.

As per the data provided regarding Australian agreements with various countries, these three above mentioned countries of Singapore, China and India are extremely vital and they have been exporting as well as importing goods and services with Australia for quite a longer time. For example, Singapore had been placed on 1^st rank (Gretzel and Yoo 2013). This is mainly because of the fact that China has maximum number of exports and imports in comparison to other Asia Pacific countries. China had been placed in 2^nd position as after Singapore since they are having several types of exports and imports to the Australian market and thus A&A Coffee would be benefitted. Finally, India is placed in the 3^rd position, since they in spite of having various exports and imports, is delivering lesser number of goods in Australia in comparison to the other two.

Three Global E-Commerce Companies Providing Services in Australia

1.4 Identification of International Trade Policies and Agreements and Estimation of their Likely Impact on International Marketing Opportunities

1. a) Identification of International Trade Policies and Agreements in Three Countries

The proper identification of the international trade policies as well as agreements with the three countries of Singapore, China and India are as follows:

1. i) Singapore: The trade policy of Singapore is bilateral in nature and it is stated as FTA or Free Trade Agreement. Singapore has placed the highest priority on the multilateral trading system embodied by the World Trade Organization.  
2. ii) China: The international trade policy of China comprises of Trade Development Strategy and Trade Policy that refers to the multilateral agreements in the country. This particular policy has ensured that fair trade is being followed by the company and thus business processes are enhanced majorly.

iii) India: The Foreign Trade Policy of India is one of the major trade policies of this particular country, which subsequently aims the increment in the shares of the country for global trade from current 2.1% to 3.5%.  

1. b) Three International Marketing Opportunities with Details

Three international marketing opportunities that are required to be used for A&A Coffee are as follows:

1. i) Increased Market Size: The most significant and important international marketing opportunities, which are majorly required to be used in the increased market size (Arnett and Wittmann 2014). Since, A&A is entering a new market, the size of the market would subsequently have a stronger influence on them. This is also because of the trade policies of Singapore, China and India.
2. ii) Economies of Scale: The second business opportunity that should be used by A&A Coffee is the economies of scale. The expansion of these business operations can reduce the overall expenses of the products and proper integration of critical resource functions could result in the optimal economies of scale.

iii) Return on Investment: The huge markets of countries like Singapore, China and India are extremely crucial to acquire the returns mainly for the capital intensive investments such as plants and capital equipment as well as research or development.

1.5 Selection of the Most Promising Market

1. a) Analysis of Findings and Selection of Country in the Asia-Pacific Market

On the basis of the previous findings from the previous tasks of three Asia Pacific countries of Singapore, China and India, the most suitable market for A&A Coffee to expand their business is Singapore (Eagleman 2013). They have been exporting and importing various types of products to their customers in the country of Australia and thus they would be extremely effective and efficient for this particular organization of A&A Coffee. Moreover, they have efficient trade policies, thus security and fairness of the trade policies is evident for them. From FY 2010-11 to 2014-15, the profit of A&A has decreased from 1.2$m to 0.7$m. In respect to the global bulk coffee prices, the cost of mild Arabica beans was 2.00 AUD per lbs. The consumer price index of A&A has gradually increased to 105 in the year of 2015.

2.1 Identification and Analysis of Impact of Economic, Political, Social and Cultural Factors that Affect International Market on the International Marketing Opportunities

1. a) Summarisation of Singapore’s Economic, Political, Social and Cultural Situation

The economic, political, social and cultural situation of Singapore for affecting the international market on international marketing opportunities are as follows:

2. i) Economic: The economic factors of Singapore have been much more effective and efficient in respect to the others. Although the annual growth is being expected in moderating in 2019 and the economy was grown 2.5% in the last year. Trade policies are being followed by them.
3. ii) Political: The few political factors like government regulations, legal issues and fair trade policies strongly impact Singapore and thus both formal and informal rules are maintained effectively (Gupta et al. 2016). The various e commerce legislations such as rights protection, tax and intellectual properties are being considered here.

iii) Social: The e-commerce business of Singapore also focus on the social factors. The major social factors that affect the international business are gender discrimination, emphasis on the safety, population growth rate, age distribution and many more.

1. iv) Cultural: The cultural factors like language barriers and technology are strongly avoided and hence making Singapore much more effective and efficient for international and e-commerce businesses.  
2. b) Discussion of Each of the Factor Affecting Potential Opportunities

Each of these factors affecting potential opportunities for A&A Coffee and the description is as follows:

1. i) Increased Market Size: The factors of cultural, social and economy are responsible for affecting this particular potential opportunity for A&A Coffee.
2. ii) Economies of Scale: The factors of economic and political are majorly responsible for affecting the potential opportunity of economies of scale in A&A (Burns, Bush and Sinha 2014).

iii) Return on Investment: This particular business opportunity of ROI is strongly affected by the factors of economic and political in Singapore and it is quite important.

Ten Legislations Affecting Various Aspects of Marketing Operations

2.2 Investigation of International Market Trends and Developments for Identifying Market Needs to the Business

1. a) Current Market Trends and Developments in the Global Coffee Market

Three trends and developments that are the market gaps in Singapore are as follows:

1. i) Declining of Sales: Due to the higher emphasis on e-commerce sector, there is always a high chance that the sales would be declined and this is the current market trend in Singapore.
2. ii) Rising Costs: The next market trend or market gap in this country is that the coffee and substitute products are quite high and thus these are responsible for lowering the sales.

iii) Shifting Trend of Retail: An important international market trend in Singapore is the shifting trend of retail. The traditional retail stores in this country are quite struggling for keeping themselves to deal with the rising costs.

1. b) Analysis of Trend in terms of Exporting Coffee Products and Substitutes to Singapore

FY2009	FY2010	FY2011	FY2012	FY2013	FY2014	FY2015
2,037	1,763	3,890	3,187	1,748	1,746	1,975
2,037	1,763	3,890	3,187	1,748	1,746	1,975

Table 1: Coffee Products and Substitutes Export to Singapore in Last 7 Years

1. c) Interpretation of the Table Showing Coffee Products and Substitutes to Singapore

As per the data provided for Singapore, the coffee products and substitutes export is overall stable. In FY 2009, the coffee products and substitutes was 2037 units and in 2010, it has gone down to 1763 units. During FY 2011 and 2012, Singapore was enjoying higher profits of about 3890 units and 3187 units respectively. After extreme fluctuation, finally in FY 2015, this number is 1975 units, which is lower than the export in year of 2009.  

2.3 Identification of New and Emerging Business and Electronic Commerce Markets

1. a) Identification of Two New or Emerging Business and Two E-Commerce Markets with Details

The two new and emerging business areas are virtual reality and drones and the two e commerce options are Shopify and Magento.

1. i) Virtual Reality: This could be an option for A&A Coffee since it will be feasible for the company expansion (Chaffey and Smith 2013).
2. ii) Drones: Drones will be of no use to A&A Coffee as these are mainly used in software companies.

iii) Shopify: Shopify platform cannot be undertaken by them as it is extremely costly and always require additional investments

1. iv) Magento: Magento ecommerce platform is an opportunity for A&A since the overall costs are much lesser in comparison to the other platforms.

All of these above mentioned options are responsible for strongly affecting the objectives and strategic direction of A&A.

1. a) Country Profile on Risk Factors with Acceptability Rate and Justification

After researching on the various risk factors like financial stability, legal and regulatory requirements, political stability and corruption, available ICT and telecommunications infrastructure, cultural factors including language barriers, trade barriers including logistics and legal risks in selling goods and services online to the international market, the risk acceptability scale is being made (Keegan and Green 2015).

Risk Factors	Risk Acceptability Rate out of 10	Justification
Financial Stability	6	It is fairly accepted by the business as it could bring major discrepancy in the company.
Legal and Regulatory Requirements	8	This can be accepted as there could be few changes in such requirements.
Political Stability and Corruption	1	This is not at all acceptable as it can breach the entire system of Singapore and the associated company.
Available ICT and Telecommunications Infrastructure	7	There is always a scope for changing these infrastructures.
Cultural Factors Including Language Barriers	8	Proper training can reduce this type of cultural factors like language barriers.
Trade Barriers Including Logistics	6	The trade barriers are also checked in this factor and this is accepted on a fair means.
Legal Risks In Selling Goods and Services Online To The International Market	4	The legal risks could not be accepted under any circumstance and thus are required to be managed.

4.1 Identification and analysis of International Marketing Opportunities as per their Likely fit with the Company’s Goals and Capabilities

1. a) Three Marketing Opportunities while Business Expansion to Singapore

Marketing Opportunities	How it fits with A&A strategic direction
Increased Market Size	The increased market size would bring extra customers to the business and A&A Coffee would be gaining subsequent profit from the business.
Effective Use of Ecommerce Tools	The effective utilization of ecommerce tools can reduce the complexity of communication with customers and employees (Stone and Woodcock 2014).
Return on Investments	The return on investments are responsible for bringing returns on the investments that are being made on the strategic direction of A&A.

4.2 Evaluation of Each Opportunity for Determination of its Impact on the Current Business and Customer Base

1. b) Evaluation of the Three Marketing Opportunities with their Impact

Marketing Opportunities	Impact on Current Business Customer base
Increased Market Size	The customer base of A&A is highly impacted for the increased market size as it would bring more potential customers.
Effective Use of Ecommerce Tools	The communication and interactions with customers will be enhanced majorly and thus current business customer based would be impacted.
Return on Investments	The return on investments will bring more customers as company will be gaining profits and thus there is a stronger impact on the current business customer base.

4.3 Assessment of Costs, Benefits, Risks and Opportunities for Determining Financial Viability of Every Marketing Opportunity

1. a) Cost and Benefit Analysis with Risks and Opportunities for Determining the Viability of Each Marketing Opportunity

Marketing Opportunities	Cost Details	Estimated Costs in First Year $
Increased Market Size	The costs would be extremely high and could even can increase to $100 million.	The product or coffee product and substitute costs about $ 50000 per year and the promotion of these products incur more than $1 million AUD.
Effective Use of Ecommerce Tools	The implementation costs of the E-Commerce tools $12000 and post implementation maintenance is $5000.	The estimated costs in the first year for E-Commerce tools implementation is $12000 and post implementation maintenance is $5000. Hence total cost is $17000.
Return on Investment	The initial investments should be around $50 million.	The estimated costs for return on investment could either go up or down. Total costs per year could be $50 million.

Marketing Opportunities	Benefit Details	Estimated Benefit within 12 months $
Increased Market Size	The benefit of increased market size is that there would be more number of customers.	The estimated benefit would be bring major profit and can increase up to $200 million.
Effective Use of Ecommerce Tools	The major benefit of this opportunity is that the E-Commerce tool would increase communication.	The estimated benefit would be bringing extra benefit and can bring profit up to $20000.
Return on Investment	Returns would be quite high from the investment if invested in correct area.	The returns of investment could be even double of the investment.

4.4 Determination of Probable Return on Investment and Potential Competitors

1. a) Calculation of Return on Investment on Three Year Projection

Year	Estimated Costs	Cumulative Costs	Estimated Benefits	Cumulative Benefits
0	1356	1356	1400	1400
1	1567	2923	1644	3044
2	1785	3352	1900	3544
3	1500	3285	3000	4900
	Total	10916		12888
	Return On Investment	18%

1. b) Proper Competitor Analysis in Singapore

The competitor analysis for A&A is as follows:

Competitors	Established Date and Size	Market Share (%)	Value to Customers	Strengths	Weaknesses
Pacific Coffee Company	March 1992	52%	Extremely innovative	High quality and making coffee house in urban oasis	Extremely costly and is not afforded by all
Spinelli Coffee Company	October 1983	35%	Meets growing demand of customers	Sells gourmet coffee, variety of products	Lack of presence in all parts of the country

4.5 Description and Ranking of Marketing Opportunities in terms of Viability and Likely Contribution to the Business

1. a) Ranking of the Marketing Opportunities with Risk Factors, Cost and Benefits and ROI

As per marketing opportunities, the first position is for ROI or return of investments. This is mainly because it is expected to bring various advantages to the company after a successful investment in business. The second rank can be given to the marketing opportunity of increased market size. Since Singapore is slowly advancing in technology, it would be vital for A&A Coffee to focus on their market size. Finally, ranking of e-commerce tool marketing opportunity in terms of viability and likely contribution to the business of A&A Coffee in Singapore is third as it could be replaced by other technologies and it is extremely costly.

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