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Causes of Aviation Accidents

Aviation accidents are caused by either human or technical error and sometimes both. Humans are mostly blamed for the accidents and held responsible for the in numerous losses of lives. Human error is considered as an act that was not performed with an intent to cause harm or even a desirable outcome leading to the systems to be beyond the limits (Miranda 2018). It has been a contributing factor in causing disasters and accidents across industries of aviation, space exploration, medicine and others. Human error is necessary to be prevented in order to restore safety and reliability of the complicated systems (Erjavac et al. 2018). The human decision making can fail either by the inadequacy of the plan or under average performance. Error can only be considered human only if there is a plan of execution that failed to accomplished. There are number of aviation accidents occur in the last twenty years. Among which one of the accidents that took place was China Eastern Airlines Flight 5735 crash.

China Eastern Airlines is one of the second largest airline of China after China southern Airlines. China Eastern airlines flight was crashed in Guangxi, a mountainous region on march 21st, 2022. The air crash almost killed every passenger who boarded the flight. It was travelling from the Kunming to Guangzhou, the capital of Yunnan and Guangdong province respectively, transferring about 132 people.  It is one of the worst crashes that China has encountered till date since 1994. There has been thorough investigation to identify the reason behind the crash whether it is a human error or error caused due to technical problems that led to the loss of lives. No clues were found that gave any clue regarding the crash. The report mentioned that there were no issues available on the flight before it left for Guangzhou in China. It had no onboarded dangerous cargo, the cabin crew and pilots were well aware of the flying standards of a commercial plane with no hindrance in communication till the airliner accesses into a steep nosedive and lastly crashed. All the staff members present within the flight had required qualification and personal and maintenance clearance. In the wireless communication between the member of the crew and air controller no abnormality was detected. An airliner like China Eastern Flight to go down straight would need excessive force applied recurrently to the horizontal stabilizers. A technical error or mechanical failure can lead to the failure of flight software or the pilot could have been sabotaging the flight of the plane. However, the Civil. There was rumour that occurrence of the flight accident was occurred by co-pilot and the black box has recordings of the voices. The contributing factors that must have added on to the accident are (a) pilot’s actions before the crash (b) training of the pilots (c) Record maintenance (d) Mechanical failure (e) Malfunctioning of flight software. No suitable resources are available to justify the accident. However, the human factors such as human and technical error both must have caused the accident.

The China Eastern Airlines Crash

The human factors are directly associated with the safety of the flight and reliability on professionals. In aviation, human factors are comprised of human errors specifically contributing to the accidents of the aircraft rather than other factors. Human factors are inclusive of crew members of the flight, air traffic controllers, maintenance personnel have direct affect on the consequences of the flight safety (Sgarbossa et al. 2020). Human errors overshadow the inaccurate awareness about the situation failing to analyse the situation properly (Kelly and Efthymiou 2019). 70% of the accident in aviation is occurred due to human factors. The human factors comprise of (a) human physiology (b) Psychology (c) Design of work place (d) Environmental conditions (e) Anthropometrics (Read et al. 2021). There are human factors model to understand the cause of the accident such as SHEL Model, SCHELL Model, and Swiss-cheese model.

The model helps in understanding the human factors that act as a source of accidents or incidents. The most used model for aviation accident is SHEL, the acronym of Software, Hardware, Environment and Liveware (Zhang et al. 2019). In 1972, the model of SHEL was developed by Edwards. The model focuses on the humans as “Human Factors” (Padil et al. 2018). Humans are an independent source, unreliable on others but interconnected with other systems. The main focus of the model is on the interaction between the humans and the other elements present in the system. The software comprised of maintenance procedures, checklist layouts, maintenance manuals; Hardware as tools, test equipment, Flight decks design, positioning, instruments, operating sense of controls; Environment as physical environment, work environment, public perception, structure of management, work patterns; Liveware as the person situated at the center of the model, maintenance technicians, supervisors, planners and managers. The researchers of human factors emphasize on studying the performance of the system, interaction of the personnel along with the system, instructions they follow both verbal and written, environmental conditions. The main objective of the human factor is to enhance the relationship between the system and maintenance personnel and optimizing its result. In SHEL, humans are situated in the center known as the Liveware responsible to perform varied activities (Arcurio et al. 2018). Even though the new aeroplanes are intended to use the most up to date Built in Test Equipment (BITE) that the recent systems can supply, however one component that remained the same are: that the job is maintenance is still performed by the humans (Kal’avsky et al. 2019). In the China aviation accident, despite having a clear weather the flight crashed without any evident technical error might be due to the human factors as the Liveware should be designed in order to respect or assist performance of the human or limitations. Humans are not able to function properly if these two aspects are not addressed and will be prone to make errors. The judgement made by the pilots will be insufficient due to fatigue or stress.

The model was an extension of the SHELL that adds up the cultural component represented by letter C. The C component surrounds the liveware in the middle with other aviation in the surrounding interacting with each other (Sikirda and Shmelova 2018). Whereas the cultural factor is included in the SHELL model's liveware and environment components, the need of expressly recognising and resolving culture and crosscultural difficulties is highlighted by Crew Resource Management and increased airline mergers and internationalisation (Charoensook 2019). The SCHELL model depicts the interpretative distinctions for behaviour of the individual, values and expectations that influences the interactions between the human operators and components of aviation system (Reese et al. 2021). The interaction between the pilot and co pilot along with the air traffic controller might have disrupted due to poor radio communications or system failure that the pilot failed to identify must have affected the landing of the flight leading to an accident and one of the worst in the aviation industry (Bernard et al. 2020).

The Impact of Human Factors

Swiss Cheese model is also known as the Accident Causation Model is one of the theoretical models helps in explaining how accidents occur in aviation industry. The model concentrates on both the human and technical error (Larouzee and Le Coze 2020). It asserts that the average accident arises as a result of multiple human errors occurring at various levels of the organisational hierarchy, resulting in an unavoidable accident. The main concepts in the accidental causation model are (a) Active errors (b) Latent errors (c) Windows of opportunity (d) Causation Chain (Wiegmann et al. 2022). Decision makers must have made poor decisions while making a purchase regarding aircraft, deficiencies in line management. Pilots feel pressurised to perform under stressful situation, climate, culture with little or no rest (Olson and Raz 2021). The pilot in the China aviation accident could have been distracted by the climate or the high mountainous region working under pressure in order to successfully land the flight for the safety of the crew and passengers making an active error of unsafe act. The Local air traffic controller was even unable to connect with the crew as the radar signal was not available maybe due to the mountainous condition. The flight technical systems could have faced difficulty in responding to the commands given by the pilot led to the malfunctioning of the system. Accidents are not the result of one or two factors, at times even more than that adds to the fatal incident that causes the loss of lives and properties endangering the lives of humans as well as beliefs(Yazgan 2018). Sometimes, the pilot is unable to act within the stipulated time period or else the accident could have been prevented (Nees et al. 2020).

Human factors and flaws must be avoided in order to safeguard the passengers and destructions of properties and well-equipped flights. Machines are made and controlled by human, it is not completely possible to have a full proof error free solution as humans are bound to make mistakes however it can be lessened down by being careful and taking minute details into consideration. Recommendations are provided to prevent aviation accidents are:

  • Pilots must be well trained and given proper instructions. It is important for the pilot to be confident enough for the safe transfer of the passengers to their destination. Pilots should have a holistic approach in order to find solutions instantly and offering service to the customer needs by innovating solutions.
  • Pilots must be well rested. The job of the pilot is very demanding in nature and stressful. It includes excessive pressure, stress, discomfort, anxiety and panic within the pilot or co-pilot who have to face adverse situation. No pilot should be under the influence of substance use as it affects the performance of the pilot. Sleep is very important during shift role as the internal clock of the body gets disrupted during the shift break or role.
  • Machines and technical system must be checked before boarding the flight. The pilot must be well equipped with the mechanical system involved in the flight to be taken care of during the time of crisis.
  • Air traffic controller acts a crucial role in assisting the pilots while flying high. They provide information from the ground regarding the clearance of landing or any upcoming misfortunate event. The communication must be kept clear. Language could act as a barrier as well as signals. The information system must be of high quality and should be tested thoroughly.
  • Authorized person must carry out maintenance record of the system so that any failure in the system can be identified earlier.

Conclusion

It can be concluded from the above discussion that aviation industry has faced dreadful accidents. It is not caused only due to the human error but also due to technical error. However, most of the responsibility is on human as the maintenance and order is regulated by the human which combined together is known as human factors leading to accidents.

References

Arcúrio, M.S., Nakamura, E.S. and Armborst, T., 2018. Human factors and errors in security aviation: An ergonomic perspective. Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2018.

Bernard, F., Zare, M., Sagot, J.C. and Paquin, R., 2020. Using digital and physical simulation to focus on human factors and ergonomics in aviation maintainability. Human factors, 62(1), pp.37-54.

Charoensook, C., 2019. Factors Affecting the Operation of the Air Traffic Controllers in Form of the SHELL Model. A Study at the Phuket Air Traffic Control Center, the Aeronautical Radio of Thailand Limited. A Study at the Phuket Air Traffic Control Center, the Aeronautical Radio of Thailand Limited.(February 16, 2019).

Erjavac, A.J., Iammartino, R. and Fossaceca, J.M., 2018. Evaluation of preconditions affecting symptomatic human error in general aviation and air carrier aviation accidents. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 178, pp.156-163.

Kal'avský, P., ?ur?o, S., Rozenberg, R., Antoško, M., Polishchuk, V., Jev?ák, J., Choma, L., Klír, R. and Tobisová, A., 2019, September. Human Factors and Analysis of Methods, Forms and Didactic Means of Aviation Education of Military Pilots. In 2019 New Trends in Aviation Development (NTAD) (pp. 77-81). IEEE.

Kelly, D. and Efthymiou, M., 2019. An analysis of human factors in fifty controlled flight into terrain aviation accidents from 2007 to 2017. Journal of safety research, 69, pp.155-165.

Larouzee, J. and Le Coze, J.C., 2020. Good and bad reasons: The Swiss cheese model and its critics. Safety science, 126, p.104660.

Miranda, A.T., 2018. Understanding human error in naval aviation mishaps. Human factors, 60(6), pp.763-777.

Olson, J.A. and Raz, A., 2021. Applying insights from magic to improve deception in research: The Swiss cheese model. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 92, p.104053.

Padil, H., Said, M.N. and Azizan, A., 2018, May. The contributions of human factors on human error in Malaysia aviation maintenance industries. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 370, No. 1, p. 012035). IOP Publishing.

Read, G.J., Shorrock, S., Walker, G.H. and Salmon, P.M., 2021. State of science: Evolving perspectives on ‘human error’. Ergonomics, 64(9), pp.1091-1114.

Reese, A.T., Chadaideh, K.S., Diggins, C.E., Schell, L.D., Beckel, M., Callahan, P., Ryan, R., Thompson, M.E. and Carmody, R.N., 2021. Effects of domestication on the gut microbiota parallel those of human industrialization. Elife, 10, p.e60197.

Sgarbossa, F., Grosse, E.H., Neumann, W.P., Battini, D. and Glock, C.H., 2020. Human factors in production and logistics systems of the future. Annual Reviews in Control, 49, pp.295-305.

Sikirda, Y. and Shmelova, T., 2018. Analysis of the Development Situation and Forecasting of Development of Emergency Situations in Socio-Technical Systems. In Socio-Technical Decision Support in Air Navigation Systems: Emerging Research and Opportunities (pp. 76-107). IGI Global.

Wiegmann, D.A., Wood, L.J., Cohen, T.N. and Shappell, S.A., 2022. Understanding the “Swiss cheese model” and its application to patient safety. Journal of patient safety, 18(2), pp.119-123.

Yazgan, E., 2018. Development taxonomy of human risk factors for corporate sustainability in aviation sector. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology.

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