Annotated Bibliography On Electric Vehicles And Green Technology Essay.

Annotated Bibliography, which lists key academic journal articles related to your selected topic in alphabetical order according to the authors name and includes an annotation describing each of the journal articles selected. This must be presented in MS Word format. The work submitted must be your own work and any passages quoted or paraphrased must be properly attributed. f the annotated bibliography will assist you to become more familiar with literature relevant to your programme of study.

In addition, knowledge and understanding of the selected topic will provide context and examples that will be helpful in understanding some of the technical content of your programme. Clearly, a thoroughly researched bibliography will help with this assignment but also with successive coursework and practice. Although not compulsory, it would be of particular benefit to focus your bibliography on the topic you are considering for your final project. Further guidance is provided in Lecture four, from this module entitled “What is an annotated bibliography and how to write one”, which is available on Blackboard. 

Adoption of Electric Vehicles

The problem of environmental protection and energy saving has become a significant concern for the entire globe due to the amplified cases of climate change. Consequently, more attention is being paid on safeguarding the environment, energy saving, green as well as environmentally friendly technology. As a result of the rapid incline in the number of automobiles, vehicular emissions have been found to be the leading source of air pollutants like carbon dioxide, Particulate Matter (PM), Nitrogen oxides, and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in most of the world’s metropolitans (Van Vliet et al., 2011).

Accordingly, mechanical engineers have come up with the concept of electric vehicles as the most appropriate substitute as a lesser pollution vehicle alternative to be promoted in future (Adnan et al., 2017, p. 321). Accordingly, studies from the transport and dynamic sectors have shown that a reduction in the primary energy consumption of fossil energy utility and carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by approximately 15% and 10% respectively. Electric cars are vehicles which derive their energy from electrical sources.

Indeed, this is not a recent invention, but it has been in existence for more than one century as illustrated by vehicles powered by electric batteries. For instance, the earliest cars developed during the nineteenth century were powered by electric motors which were fuelled by cells. Therefore, there are many types of research being done by automobile research corporations in the developing nations. On the same note with the resultant development, vehicle charging systems are emerging like the vehicle charging station and charging points. Nevertheless, EVs still have a long way to go before reaching the mainstream market (Baptista, Tomás, & Silva, 2010, p. 10024). In light of this statement, this paper discusses different annotations regarding the developments happening on the electric vehicles (EVs).  

Adnan, N., Nordin, S.M., Rahman, I., Vasant, P.M. and Noor, A., 2017. A comprehensive review of theoretical framework?based electric vehicle consumer adoption research. International Journal of Energy Research, 41(3), pp.317-335.

In this article Adnan et al. discuss the adoption of green cars. The authors show that the use of electric vehicles is highly receiving acceptance among consumers internationally. As a result, there is a need to come up with long-term solutions for this type of technology in the automobile industry to decline the present over-dependence on petroleum energy.

Consequently, this is significant since it will bring down the effect of greenhouse gas emissions. Accordingly, the lasting advantage associated with the adoption of electric cars is that it will provide an innovative, eco-friendly society. Nonetheless, despite the positive ecological impact, the number of electric vehicles is still not enough which is primarily influenced by users' perception regarding the adoption of electric cars. Therefore, engineers should work tirelessly to come up lasting energy storage to win the users emotional as well as behaviour towards the adoption of electric vehicles.    

Baptista, P., Tomás, M., & Silva, C., 2010. Plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles market penetration scenarios. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(18), 10024-10030.

Regarding this journal Baptista, Tomas and Silva discuss the technological constraints, economic drivers as well as the market potential for plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs). Accordingly, to this scholar’s research, it shows that a PHEV is a hybrid automobile that consists of batteries which are rechargeable by connecting to the grid as well as inbuilt combustion engine which is activated when the cells need to be recharged. Indeed, the PHEV provides a range of current hybrid cars and at the same time providing cost-effective savings in addition to the energy benefits of EVs. Indeed, the PHEV is likely to diversify the source of fuel consumed for automobiles to support energy security by minimising the over-reliance on fossil energy. Accordingly, the PHEV is an appropriate design aimed at lowering the consumption of energy.

Plug-in Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicles

Nonetheless, one limitation of the PHEV is that there is a need to install individual sockets in the vehicle to be able to charge the car. The target audience for this research is to develop and to develop automobile manufacturers to shift to EVs. This article is significant to this research in the sense that it is advocating for cost-saving energy and greener ecosystem.       

Li, S., Tong, L., Xing, J., & Zhou, Y., 2017. The market for electric vehicles: indirect network effects and policy design. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 4(1), 89-133.

This article provides significant information regarding the market for plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). Li et al. postulate that there is an indirect chain effect that is associated with EVs because of the interdependence between the adoption of electric vehicles and the charging point investment. The authors with the help of a schematic model show that the indirect circle of effects from either side of the market is likely to result in a circle response that is likely to intensify the shocks and interfere with the penetration process of the novel technology.

Accordingly, the scholars argue that the comparative strength of the indirect related effects on both sides of the market has a significant impact on the policy design. This aim of this article is that there is a need to subsidise the plug-in electric vehicles to enhance its adoption. Therefore, this article will provide my research with supplementary information regarding ways to promote adaptability of the new technology.       

Luthra, S., Kumar, V., Kumar, S., & Haleem, A., 2011. Barriers to implementing green supply chain management in the automobile industry using interpretive structural modelling technique-An Indian perspective. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 4(2), 231-257.

In this article Luthra et al. evaluate the challenges that are being faced by electric vehicle corporation in the adoption Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM). The authors note that the world is increasing working round the clock to ensure that the environment is protected. Consequently, this has led to an increase in overwhelming green trends to conserve the planet.  As a result, GSCM is a system to heighten the performance approach and products leading to the establishment of environmental rules.

However, the automobile industry supply chain involves different supply levels and differences in components amongst Manufacturing Corporation based on their position. Thus, such inequality in the supply results in critical features concerning ecological, economic and operational performance. These disparities tend to form obstacles to the implementation of supply chain management which leads to the establishment of measures to adapt the procedure to the environmental security directives referred to as GSCM such as recycling, eco-design, and green buying. The author shows that due to the different features of GSCM there is a need for additional clarification to include the imbalance between the interior and outside antagonist outcome of GSCM practices in the automobile industry.           

Peterson, S. B., Whitacre, J. F., & Apt, J., 2010. The economics of using plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs for grid storage. Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), 2377-2384.

Market for Electric Vehicles

According to Peterson, Whitacre and Apt, they claim in this article that there is a potential economic impact associated with the usage of car batteries for storage of grid power produced during the off-peak time. Consequently, this grid electricity generated during off-peak time can be used by off-automobiles during the peak period. In this case, the target of these scholars is to bring awareness to the public that they can make recharge the vehicles during peak hours and then be able to utilise it during the peak period.

Nonetheless, one of the restrictions related to this new technology is that the economic loss that comes battery degradation remain a challenge. However, the authors found that utilisation of off-vehicle electricity is cost-effective since the car owner is in a position to use the battery pack for storing power and later off-vehicle use. The grid electricity is also beneficial as it does require the construction and usage of peaking generators which could be expensive to the user. Indeed, this article is significant to this research as it provides additional ways for a sustainable environment.      

Propfe, B., Kreyenberg, D., Wind, J., & Schmid, S., 2013. Market penetration analysis of electric vehicles in the German passenger car market towards 2030. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(13), 5201-5208.

In this article, Propfe et al. provide an overview of the market penetration report for electric cars. According to the authors, the automobile transport sector is liable for the large shares towards the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in German and the world as a whole. As a result, the authors make strides to bring awareness to the public about the importance of conserving the environment through the use of renewable sources of energy.

In this context plug-in, electric cars have been put forth as the proper check to reduce on the local and international emission that comes from the transport sector without losing the significance of distinct motorised traffic. Accordingly, since plug-in electric vehicles are eco-friendly, they stand a better chance to penetrating the market. Similarly, both the private and public sector has come out strongly in fighting for the adoption of PEV which has led to the growth and development of more electric drive automobiles in the market.      

Shaheen, S. A., & Cohen, A. P., 2013. Carsharing and personal vehicle services: worldwide market developments and emerging trends. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 7(1), 5-34.

Shaheen and Cohen in their article discuss sustainable transportation which is the means of transport that is eco-friendly and has a low effect towards the surrounding. Therefore, to ensure the environment become viable, the authors claim that there is a need for carsharing which in other words means short-term automobile use. Indeed, car sharing offers a flexible substitute that helps in realising the different transportation needs internationally and at the same time declining the adverse effects of private car ownership.

Certainly, carsharing has different environmental as well as social significances such as reduced greenhouse gas emissions in addition to reduced automobile ownership and vehicle mileage travelled. For example, according to research reports undertaken in Europe indicate that the average carsharing carbon dioxide emissions discharged significantly declined by a significant margin from approximately 55% to 35%. Indeed, this resource is substantial to my subject of study in the sense that it advocates for the green transport system.        

Challenges for Green Supply Chain Management

Simon, P., & Gogotsi, Y., 2010. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. In Nanoscience and Technology: A Collection of Reviews from Nature Journals (pp. 320-329).

In this journal Simon and Gogotsi give a review of the electrochemical capacitors which are also referred to as supercapacitors. The electrochemical capacitors can store energy using ion adsorption and active surface redox reactions. The authors argue that this component has the potential to substitute batteries used for electrical energy storage as well as harvesting applications. Subsequently, electrochemical capacitors have high energy delivery which is suitable for massive uptake.

As a result, a remarkable progress concerning electrochemical capacitor performance has been realised through the latest novelty in understanding the mechanism behind charge storage as well as the development of original nanostructured materials. In the essence of the hybrid vehicle energy storage, the concept of electrochemical capacitors is significant as it provides mechanical designers with appropriate materials for designing hybrid cars. Therefore, electrochemical capacitors play a substantial role in providing engineers with the requirements that can be used in sizing the battery and ultra-capacitors in vehicles.       

Van Vliet, O., Brouwer, A. S., Kuramochi, T., van Den Broek, M., & Faaij, A., 2011. Energy use, cost and CO2 emissions of electric cars. Journal of power sources, 196(4), 2298-2310.

In this article Van Vliet et al. provides an alternative source of energy for use in the transport sector. The authors indicate that across the world approximately 90 per cent of the transport industry depends on fossil fuel. Nevertheless, the use of fossil fuels has been found to be problematic to the environment as well as unstable regarding supply. Research has shown that fossil fuel is the primary contributor of greenhouse gas (GHG) discharge and emission of pollutant nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and particulate matter (PM). Van Vliet et al. postulate that to minimise the over-dependence on fossil fuel supply and a greener surrounding substitutes such as biofuels and hybrid vehicles stand a better chance. Also, electric driving is another alternative. Consequently, this article brings to the public the importance of alternative energy sources for the transport sector and in which electric vehicles are the alternative.       

Zivin, J. S. G., Kotchen, M. J., & Mansur, E. T., 2014. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of marginal emissions: Implications for electric cars and other electricity-shifting policies. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 107, 248-268.

According to Zivin, Kotchen and Mansur, the policy objective of declining the amount of carbon dioxide in the transport industry has led to more interest in the plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs). As a result, most of the developed nations such as the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada only to mention a few have made electric vehicles the heart of their general efforts to minimise carbon dioxide discharge.

Accordingly, PEVs can shift the consumption of energy-related with transportation to centrally produced electrical energy far from engines in distinct automobiles resulting in efficient energy use. Indeed, moving electric policies like advocating for the massive use of PEVs is likely to reduce the impact of carbon dioxide emissions as compared to driving fuel-efficient hybrid cars. However, the lack of comprehensive and transparent Life Cycle Inventory is a drawback in LCA. The most important aspect is that research concerning the production of energy and LCA of energy systems have been consulted to gain a better understanding of the modelling alternative to be applied in electric vehicles LCAs.   

Adnan, N., Nordin, S.M., Rahman, I., Vasant, P.M. and Noor, A., 2017. A comprehensive review of theoretical framework?based electric vehicle consumer adoption research. International Journal of Energy Research, 41(3), pp.317-335.

Baptista, P., Tomás, M., & Silva, C., 2010. Plug-in hybrid fuel cell vehicles market penetration scenarios. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 35(18), 10024-10030.

Li, S., Tong, L., Xing, J., & Zhou, Y., 2017. The market for electric vehicles: indirect network effects and policy design. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 4(1), 89-133.

Luthra, S., Kumar, V., Kumar, S., & Haleem, A., 2011. Barriers to implementing green supply chain management in the automobile industry using interpretive structural modelling technique-An Indian perspective. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management, 4(2), 231-257.

Peterson, S. B., Whitacre, J. F., & Apt, J., 2010. The economics of using plug-in hybrid electric vehicle battery packs for grid storage. Journal of Power Sources, 195(8), 2377-2384.

Propfe, B., Kreyenberg, D., Wind, J., & Schmid, S., 2013. Market penetration analysis of electric vehicles in the German passenger car market towards 2030. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38(13), 5201-5208.

Shaheen, S. A., & Cohen, A. P., 2013. Carsharing and personal vehicle services: worldwide market developments and emerging trends. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 7(1), 5-34.

Simon, P., & Gogotsi, Y., 2010. Materials for electrochemical capacitors. In Nanoscience and Technology: A Collection of Reviews from Nature Journals (pp. 320-329).

Van Vliet, O., Brouwer, A. S., Kuramochi, T., van Den Broek, M., & Faaij, A., 2011. Energy use, cost and CO2 emissions of electric cars. Journal of power sources, 196(4), 2298-2310.

Zivin, J. S. G., Kotchen, M. J., & Mansur, E. T., 2014. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of marginal emissions: Implications for electric cars and other electricity-shifting policies. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 107, 248-268.