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You are primarily responsible for the sustainability of the manufacturing activities of the company, but your role also involves you in the planning of future products and the business model of the organisation, since all these also affect industrial sustainability.

1. Describe the different components used in your product and comment on the degree to which their material flows can be made circular. The main types of component are:
• Structural parts (chassis, wheels, suspension, seat assembly, etc.)
• Electrical parts (motors, switches, wires, circuit boards, batteries) and
• Miscellaneous parts (tyres, transmission, bodywork, upholstery, etc.)

Note: Some of the components are manufactured by your suppliers and simply assembled in your factory. This includes most of the electrical parts.

2. Describe a future sustainable industrial system in terms of the stages in the lifecycle of a typical product after the company’s material and energy flows have been made as ‘circular’ as possible.
3. For each of the types of component above, describe the short term and longer term steps that the company should take to get to the sustainable system you described above. Where possible, illustrate your arguments from case studies in the literature and indicate briefly any relevant policy implications.

Manufacturing Stages of Electric Mobility Scooters for Disabled

The circular economy is a standby to a traditional linear economy that encompasses production, use as well as dispose of the machine (Dune, 2013).  This is done with the major objective of making resources to be used for a long period of time (this prevents wastage of materials).  This mobility scooter for the disabled individuals is run on the battery which is coupled to the motor to make sure that the scooter operates perfectly and of higher efficacy (Committee, 2010).  The diagram below clearly illustrates the electric mobility scooter for the disabled individual

In the manufacturing stages of electric mobility scooter for disabled, there are several parts which must be considered (must make circular thus the whole automobile becomes circular). These component are manufactured with the materials which are made to be circular in the company (Curtin, 2010). These components include the structural parts, electrical parts as well as the miscellaneous parts.

  1. Structural parts

These are the parts which provide the strength to the scooter as it runs, they include the following;

  1. Chassis

This is the most significant part of the electric mobility scooter for the disabled in which in most cases gives the support for the building of the scooter (OECD, 2010). Chassis provide the positions for the attachment of the wheel, motors, suspension among other parts. In other words, it is this chassis where most components of the scooter are attached. A good example of chassis for the scooter is illustrated in the diagram below;

To make this chassis linear and more circular for the production, I as sustainability manager for a manufacturer of electric mobility scooters for the disabled I would prefer the use of steal which is alloyed with lead (Press, 2012). This is because steal and stronger and lead are stronger, making the scooter stronger at the chassis will not only help to achieve the linearity of the production but also it will achieve the stability of the scooter since the base will be very heavy. This will make it so much stable for the disabled individual which thus making it more secure for them. The stronger the material of the chassis the durable it will be hence it will be more circular in the production of the whole the scooter (Wai, 2013).

  1. Wheel

The wheel is a combination of the rim and the tire of the scooter whose rotation (made due to the rotation of the motor) leads to the movement of the whole scooter (James, 2011).

Chassis

To help achieve the circular for the wheels used in the production of the electric scooter, I would prefer the use of the aluminum alloy since it is lighter and very strong.  The alloy can be of magnesium. Alongside that, I would too employ the use of some materials like solid urethane tire in making electric scooter wheels. And in the wheel, the problem like the friction should be limited to help reduce the tear and wear which further make the scooter more linear. Therefore the ball bearing will be employed to improve the operation of the electric scooter, therefore, achieving the circular economy of the production of these scooters. The bearing is placed in the bearing spacer. The diagram below illustrates the wheel of the electric mobility scooter for the disabled individual.

  • Suspension

This is the part of the electric mobility scooter which suspends the throttle as it connects the throttle to the chassis and the frame of the scooter. With the strong chassis, the suspension should be made light and very strong at the same time to facilitate the disabled person to govern and ride the scooter with a lot of easy. Thus for the suspension, I would suggest it to made of an aluminum material which is relatively lighter as compared to other materials like lead. This will basically make the production more circular as the suspension is made strong thus there will be no recycling of materials. The lighter suspension also makes the electric mobility scooter more stable since the chassis is strong and heavy.  The diagram below shows the suspension of electric mobility scooter for the disabled individual. 

  1. Seat Assembly

The seat assembly of the electric scooter is the combination of the upholstery, suspension springs of the seat as well as the chair made comfy for the disabled individual. In the production of the seat assembly, I would employ some innovation as well as using some materials which would promote the linearity of the economy. The seat assembly should be relatively fire retardant as well as durable.  The materials used in the manufacture of electric scooter seat assembly are suggested to be aluminum (for the frame of the seat), steal (for the spring suspension) and fiber and leather for the clothing of the seat.  These will for sure make the electric scooter more durable therefore makes the production of the seat assembly more linear which will make the seat assembly to be used together with the scooter for as long as the scooter operates.

  1. Electrical part

Wheel

Just like the suspension part of the electrical part plays a very important part in the operation of the electric scooter. The electrical part is like the engine of this scooter. It is from this part where the scooter is made to operate.

  1. Motor

Motors used as the prime mover of the scooter as it makes is used to rotate the rare wheels.  The motor obtains its energy from the battery. The motor operates from the law of the faradays where if the flux is cut by the conductor then there will be electrical energy generated. So if the electrical energy is supplied to the motor from the battery there will be a motion which is coupled to the wheel. The motor is basically made of two parts the rotor (rotating part) and the stator (stationary part). To achieve linear economy of the production, I would propose the use of 2.5mm2 electrical copper wires and a strong housing of the motor which will make the motor very strong and durable.  The diagram below shows an example of electric mobility scooter motor.

  1. Switches

Switches are operated through a key for their operation, they always function through the keys, and thus it is the key that the rider will use in making it off/on. This key can only be removed in the off position to prevent it from becoming lost while driving the scooter. The diagram below illustrates the electric mobility scooter´s switch.

These switches are made of copper wires and I would suggest a relatively thick copper wire, therefore, the whole switch will be more linear. The switch of the scooter vary in sizes are provided in the rooms to receive the wiring in them.  The keys of these switches are also made of strong metals like stainless steel to make them durable hence the more linear economy.

  • Wires

The electric wires are very vital in the operation of the electric scooter, these are employed to do all the electrical connection needed for the operation of the electric mobility scooter. These electrical wires are used to connect the battery to the electric motor. The wires also connect the throttle to the electric motor.  Would suggest the use of 2.5 mm2 thickness of the electric wires for the connection in the whole scooter. This will basically ensure a durable connection which therefore makes the wires to be liner thus the whole electric scooter becomes more linear. The diagram below illustrates the electric wires used in the connection of the electrical parts of the scooter.

  1. Circuit board

Suspension

This is the motherboard of the electric mobility scooter where all the operations of the scooter are managed.  Circuit board is always made of a glass fiber reinforced also known as fiberglass epoxy resin containing a copper foil bonded on each side of the board. PCBs made from paper reinforced phenolic resin with a bonded copper foil are less expensive and are often used in household electrical devices. The glass fiber having epoxy resin and copper foils is very strong and durable therefore making it more circular in the production. The diagram below is an example of a circuit board for the electric mobility scooter for the disabled individual.

  1. Battery

This is ery important part of the operation of the electric scooter because the battery is the source of energy which is used in all the electric parts ranging from the motor to the circuit board of the scooter.  The battery is connected to the electrical motor which is then coupled to the wheels of the electric scooter. The electrical energy supplied by the battery will make the motor to rotate therefore rotating the wheels of the scooter. I would suggest the use of lead as the terminals and the cells of the battery and use the acid). Lead is very strong and durable therefore this will increase the lifespan of the lead-acid accumulator. The diagram below is an example of the lead-acid accumulator for the electric mobility scooter.

  1. Miscellaneous parts
  2. Tires

These are the part of the wheels of the electric mobility scooter. The tires are used to cover the rims of the wheels of the scooter. In most cases, these are made of vulcanized rubber to help make them very strong for the operation. The tires are made of the grips to help increase the friction between the wheels and the road as they operate (James, 2014). Vulcanization is the process by which rubbers are made stronger through mixing them with sulfur.  I would suggest a higher vulcanized rubber to help increase the durability of the tires, therefore, making the tires more circular. The diagram below shows the tires of the electric mobility scooter for the disabled persons.

  1. Suspension

The most commonly employed transmission system of the scooter contains a compound gear train and a bevel gear differential, the value of the former of which suggestively effects the efficacy and disturbance level (Arterburn, 2012). The finite element Method would be employed to assess the stress level seen through the gears in the compound gear train. The transmission basically is employed to help transfer the motion from the electric motor to the rare wheel of the scooter (Hutson, 2011). The use of the gear train, a highly vulcanize rubber used as the belt and the analysis of Finite Element method make the transmission very strong hence durable.  Thus the trains and the belts employed for the transmission of energy becomes more linear.

  • Bodywork

Seat assembly

This is the part of the electric scooter which is essentially the whole body of the electric scooter. Bodywork is seen as the skeleton of the scooter (Liebl, 2013).  I will suggest of bodywork using the strong materials like steel. Thus it will optimize the production by making it more circular because the materials will make the scooter to last for more duration hence linear.

  1. Upholstery

This is the housing of the seat of the electric scooter, upholstery needs to be made as soft but very strong as possible. In most cases, this may be very difficult to achieve but for this production, I would prefer the use of leather in the outer coverage while inside I will use fiber and some mattress to make it comfier (Feige, 2015).  These materials employed in the manufacture of the upholstery further makes it more circular and more liner in the production.

SECTION II

The future sustainability of the company is very important and this will make the company compete very well through producing durable electric mobility scooters. To achieve this sustainability. The company employs the use of some stages in the lifecycle of products of an electrical mobility scooter. These stages include;

  1. Introduction stage

This is actually the first stage in the lifetime the products employed in the production of the electric scooters. It is the most expensive stage in the production. The company would acquire the correct raw materials which are very strong and durable for the production. In this stage, the company would do research and test on the product and affirms if the products acquired are the right ones for the production (Ngwazi, 2013).

  1. Growth stage

At this stage, the company will start producing some of the sustainable electrical mobility scooters. At this stage, the company will start obtaining some profit from the sales of the production of the electric scooters. And with the circular products employed in the production of the electric mobility scooters. The overall productions would be more sustainable.

  • Maturity stage

In this stage, an electric mobility scooter is established and the objective of the manufacturer is now to maintain the market share they have built up. This is perhaps the most competitive period for most electric mobility scooters and the company needs to invest wisely in any marketing they undertake (Kertzle, 2012). It is also at this stage where the company may make some improvement to the product produced. The improvement of the product may be like for example making the product more sustainable and more circular.

  1. Decline Stage  

Electrical Part

This is the last stage of the lifecycle of the electric mobility scooters. At this stage, the sales of the product will start going down and this decrease is due to the saturation of the product. The saturation will be a result of the acquisition of the product by almost every willing and able buyer (disabled person). It can also be evident by the linearity of the product which makes the products to last for a longer period of time without recycling and reusing the products.

The overall stages of the lifecycle of the production of the electric mobility scooter are illustrated in the diagram below;

Fig 17: Showing stages of the lifecycle of electric mobility scooter for disabled.  (Kertzle, 2012)

The company would have to set some strategies to ensure that the production is more sustainable and this is achieved through some long-term as well as short-term strategies of the production. (Harry, 2014).  Some of the short-term strategies which the company would employ are for example communication within the production.  Through the communication, the mistakes which might arise in the acquisition of the products would be eradicated (Krul, 2010). Ensuring there is awareness about the sustainability of the scooter components in the three; electrical, structural and miscellaneous is very important.

Another very important short-term strategy is taking the initiative of ensuring that the company produced a sustainable product. When this is undertaken then the producers of the electric mobility scooters will probably make a more circular and sustainable product for the disabled individuals. (Rasingwa, 2015).  The company would as well appoint an individual who will be in charge of the production of the electric scooters.  This is a short-term strategy which would ensure that the production of the electric mobility scooter is more sustainable (Veld, 2013). The person appointed can be setting the regular meeting as well as giving the reports regularly on the process of the production of the electric mobility scooter.

With the regular updates on the progress of the production, the producers may make some corrections in the production to ensure that the production is more sustainable (Kusumaningtyas, 2011). The last strategy is to punish the individuals who are found to have embezzled finance in the production of the electric mobility scooter. The company may undertake some of the following long-term strategies to ensure that the company becomes more sustainable (Shiftan, 2013). The first long-term that the company may undertake is to plan ahead. Planning ahead will enable the company to acquire electric scooter components in time. This will make the company obtain the strong material which makes the scooter to last for years in operation (Bonvoisin, 2017).  The second strategy is to ensure that there is a proper leadership in the whole company. This will help in giving the guidelines in the production of the electric mobility scooters for the disabled individuals. The last key strategy is to have a proper planning of the production.  When a proper planning is set then the company would acquire what they need in time and they will as well have time for making sure that the company obtains the raw materials which will make the production more sustainable (Iezzoni, 2013).

References

Arterburn, C., 2012. 25 Splendid Guide to Mobility Scooters: This Handbook Will Give You the Incredible Tips and Tricks in Buying the Best Mobility Scooters Plus, Amazing Ideas on Medical Scooter, Electric Mobility Scooters, Bruno Mobility, Scooters, CTM Mobility Scooters an. 2nd ed. Birmingham : CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.

Bonvoisin, J., 2017. Sustainable Manufacturing: Challenges, Solutions and Implementation Perspectives. London: Springer.

Committee, G. B. P. H. o. C. T., 2010. Mobility scooters. 1st ed. London: The Stationery Office.

Curtin, M., 2010. Occupational Therapy and Physical Dysfunction E-Book: Enabling Occupation. 3rd ed. London: Elsevier Health Sciences.

Dune, L., 2013. electric mobility scooters made for the disabled people. 3rd ed. Chicago: Composesum Publishing LLC.

Feige, I., 2015. The Future of Mobility: Scenarios for China in 2030. 3rd ed. Beijing: Rand Corporation.

Harry, J., 2014. Blind the Second Time: The Autobiography of Harry Footner. Chicago: Trafford Publishing.

Hutson, L., 2011. Electric scooter production. 7th ed. Manchester: Springer.

Iezzoni, L., 2013. When Walking Fails: Mobility Problems of Adults with Chronic Conditions. 2nd ed. Manchester: University of California Press.

James, B., 2011. Electric mobility scooter. 4th ed. Hull: Springer.

James, W., 2014. Production of the electrical scooter. 6th ed. New York: Springer.

Kertzer, j., 2012. Mobility scooter for the disabled. 2nd ed. Manchester: Springer.

Krul, J., 2010. Sustainable Industrial Design and Waste Management. Michigan: Academic Press.

Kusumaningtyas, 2011. Towards responsible and inclusive financing of the palm oil sector. CIFOR ed. London: CRC.

Liebl, J., 2013. Electrics mobility scooter makes the disability to move freely. 3rd ed. Manchester: CRC.

Ngwazi, K., 2013. Walking with an electric mobility scooter. 1st ed. Manchester: CRC.

OECD, 2010. Aging and Transport Mobility Needs and Safety Issues: Mobility Needs and Safety Issues. 4th ed. London: OECD Publishing.

Press, S., 2012. The Complete Directory for People with Disabilities: Products, Resources, Books, Services: a One-stop Sourcebook for Individuals and Professionals. 2nd ed. Manchester: Grey House Pub.

Rasingwa, R., 2015. Towards a Sustainable and Circular Economy. Hull: IOS Press.

Shiftan, Y., 2013. Transition Towards Sustainable Mobility: The Role of Instruments, Individuals, and Institutions. 3rd ed. Hull: Springer.

Veld, J. i. '., 2013. Sustainable Development and the Governance of Long-Term Decisions. 3rd ed. Hull: RMNO.

Wai, D., 2013. Electric scooters. 3rd ed. Chicago: CRC.

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