Arguments
Article 1:
Bodwitch, H. (2017). Challenges for New Zealand's individual transferable quota system: Processor consolidation, fisher exclusion, & M?ori quota rights. Marine Policy, 80, 88-95.
This article shows the three management inventiveness that are incorporated in the New Zealand’s Personal Transferable quarter System. The quota system limited the market access for fishers while consolidating processing in the sector. The transferable quota system also enabled the use of quota as asset investment, after responsibility was placed in Maori trust. The quota system also enabled overcoming of leases and separate ownership rights under the quota system.
Article: 2
Duncan, R. (2017). The Challenges of Regulating Diffuse Agricultural Pollution to Improve Water Quality. Case Studies in the Environment.
The article talks about the diminishing quality of the ecosystem due to a range of human activities. The article also discusses how the governments, globally have attempted to prevent the over-exploitation of natural resources through sustainable mechanisms. The author argues that managing natural resources is legally, politically obsolete in management. This is because it is hard to establish everyone’s responsibility and the extent o such responsibility.
The Resource Management Act of New Zealand provides a legal framework for management of physical and natural resources.
Article: 3
Beatley, T., & Manning, K. (1997). The ecology of place: Planning for environment, economy, and community. Island Press.
The article raises concerns on the sustainability of ecology while providing ideas on how such ideas can be achieved. The author is concerned about the limits we can live in harmony with the earth. The articles picks on the ecological concerns and takes a point of view on how these ecological concerns needs to be addressed while giving a vision on how the future should look like. The article connects ecological concerns with human settlement patterns.
Author Approach
Article 1 is written in an expository form with an aim of explaining to the readers how New Zealand’s quota system affected the fishers. The literature uses the fishers as examples to explain how the legislations impacted the fishers in Maori. The piece uses statistics and facts to show how the quota system impacted different people. The literature also bases most of its arguments on the legislations which enforced the quota system.
Article 2 involves more of the author’s point of view, unlike Article 1 whose opinions are based on different statistics. Article 2 is an excerpt from a book. It follows a certain logic and deductive reasoning regarding the future and how humans ought to be friendly with the ecology through planning. The author starts by asserting that there is a problem in the 21st Century and it has to do with living good and within certain limits. The author goes ahead to explain the how ecology and human settlements are tied together, and consequently the need to live in a sustainable manner for future generations. The author shows the need for planning and present generations narrowing their choices for the sake of future generations. Ultimately, the author believes that living within the earth’s means is the premise for a sustainable future.
Article 3 is an informative article, unlike article 1 and 2, trying to educate the readers on the effects of diffuse pollution which arises from a range of activities by humans. The article gives the readers an insight to such kind of pollution and how policies have attempted to mitigate the effects of such pollution. The author uses end-of pipe losses and the capability of a resource yield to measure extent of pollution.
Critique
The three articles give insight to certain environmental policy and planning issues. Bodwith talks about the quota system and how it affected the fishers at the point at which it was implemented. Beatley explores the extent on which legislations can be able to mitigate negative environmental impacts. On the other hand Duncan gives his opinion on the current ecological state and the need for a futuristic vision to for the sake of future generations. Duncan shows the importance of planning and policy in ensuring the environment is preserved while the quality of life is improved. The order in which the articles are read, do not affect how the readers understand the concepts and themes discussed in the readings. Every piece explores the different themes differently, however environmental policy issues are evident.
All articles emphasize on the role policies play on the outcomes of environmental impacts. The literature by Duncan shows how policies encourage legally binding requirements to comply, thus reducing diffuse pollution and positively affecting the environment. The article by Duncan gives a futuristic view of environment and recommends implementation of policies so as to achieve sustainable environment. Bodwith attempts to show how certain policies, in particular the quota system, historically affected the fishers and the benefits or dangers of implementing policies. The articles discuss various policy issues, however there are no sufficient recommendations as to policy requirements in promoting environmental planning and sustainability. The articles also do not delve into sufficient legislations which will give a proper insight as to the environmental state of affairs.
The key questions arising from the articles are:-
- How should pollution regulations be devided?
- How enforceable are futuristic opinions enforceable in policy and to what extent?
- Can the impacts policies have on people and environment take a primary and secondary consideration while drafting policies?
Reference:
Beatley, T., & Manning, K. (1997). The ecology of place: Planning for environment, economy, and community. Island Press.
Bodwitch, H. (2017). Challenges for New Zealand's individual transferable quota system: Processor consolidation, fisher exclusion, & M?ori quota rights. Marine Policy, 80, 88-95.
Duncan, R. (2017). The Challenges of Regulating Diffuse Agricultural Pollution to Improve Water Quality. Case Studies in the Environment.
Icelandic Fisheries, (n.d). Individual Transferable Quotas. Available Online At: https://www.fisheries.is/management/fisheries-management/individual-transferable-quotas/ Accessed 23 May 2017
Island Press, (n.d). The Ecology of Place. Available Online At: https://islandpress.org/book/the-ecology-of-place/ Accessed 23 May 2017
McCormack, F. (2012). The Reconstitution of Property Relations in New Zealand Fisheries. Anthropological Quarterly, 85(1), 171-201.
The University of California Press, (2017). The Challenges of Regulating Diffuse Agricultural Pollution to Improve Water Quality. Available Online At: https://cse.ucpress.edu/content/early/2017/04/07/cse.2017.sc.433549/ Accessed 23 May 2017
Thrift, N. (1999). Steps to an ecology of place. Human geography today, 295-322.
