HBS108 Health Information And Data

1.The IRB ensures expertise in human research by judging the adequacy and accuracy of information on the informed consent and other documents shared with the subjects

The IRB also supplies the researcher and the college with written notice of decisions to accept or decline research and of alterations needed to secure the approval of IRB in the research. The written notice must comprise of the rationale for the decision and provide the researcher an opportunity to provide a feedback in writing or in person.

IRB ascertains that the components are met before approval of research activities (Marchase, Urthaler, & Ball, 2011).

2.The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (Brunner, 2008) was extremely unethical and doesn’t qualify to be a scientific research worth of emulation because of many reasons. There was no informed consent and the study participants were not notified of all the known risks. Additionally, the participants had to consent to an autopsy after their death so that their burial expenses might be catered for. Some patients who happened to be participants were denied medical treatment with an aim of observing the distinct and deadly development of syphilis. No cure was administered to the participants and yet it was available and widely known to exist.

3.People should drink at least eight glasses of water per day.

This myth can be found in all common press. Its origin can be traced back to 1945 when it was advised that adults should take 2.5 litres per day, a millilitre of water for each calorie of food most of which is contained in cooked foods. A misinterpretation of the last recommendation led to the erroneous conclusion of eight glasses of water a day. Fredrick Stare might also led to the myth through his baseless recommendation of 6 to 8 glasses of water in 24 hours in any form of beverage (Vreeman & Carroll, 2007).

4.

Phase I

These are small trials, recruiting small number of patients. It can be accessible to people with cancer.

Phase II

This involves individual with same type of cancer or with varying types of cancer. Its more about side effects and their management

Phase III

Phase three trials compare new treatments with the best ones that exist. A new way of undertaking radiotherapy with the accepted way

Phase IV

These are carried out after a drug has proved to be effective and has been given a license. Geared towards ascertaining the side effects and safety of a drug (Sedgwick, 2011).

5.The research considered a larger dataset than any one known historically on human activity, thus, the study conclusions can be reliable due to its inclusivity.

The study is credible because the authors have calculated the activity inequality using the Gini Index, which is standardised

The use of computer simulations to demonstrate target interventions improves its internal validity

The findings of the study with regard to activity variations in gender is true with the case of Japan and Saudi Arabia

Reducing activity inequality through walkability is subjective

The study shows how smartphones can be used to gather data on one’s personal activity and lifestyle.

The use of Asumio Argus app is risky because the data can as well be manipulated by designers and producer to influence the mind of the people.

The outcomes of the study cannot be generalized in the case of developing countries due to 10% representation.

Since, the participants were not aware of the tracking, the findings are original and unaltered thus reliable

The findings are important in urban planning so as to increase walkability

6.The experiment on Lacks’ cells is totally unwarranted for because it consists of a series of a violation of human rights and research ethics. A relationship between a patient and a healthcare provider is always based on trust, but this was grossly violated by the medical practitioners at Johns Hopkins Medical. The cell samples were taken from her for purposes not notified to her. In fact they were taken while under medication. The decision by the doctors years later to go to Lacks’ family to seek for blood samples worsened the matter.

7.Dr Holick’s use of his prominent position in the medical world to gain a financial advantage by benefiting from corporations including drug dealers amount to Conflict of interest. This is a great violation of the work ethics. Additionally, the swaying away of practitioners like Dr. Mehmet Oz for financial gains amounted to conflict of interest. The alluring exaggerations on vitamin D deficiency by Dr Holicks led to millions of experiments to ascertain his conclusions. The further recommendations by Dr Holick in 2002 to use tanning beds as a vitamin D source were later found to be carcinogenic. Dr Holick has been money minded at the expense of the health of the people

References

Brunner, B. (2008). The Tuskegee syphilis experiment. on the website of Tuskegee

University, at www. tuskegee. edu/Global/Story. asp. Retrieved  from https://www.cbsd.org/cms/lib010/PA01916442/Centricity/Domain/1912/Tuskegee%20Experiment.pdf

Marchase, R. B., Urthaler, F., & Ball, D. (2011). Roles and Responsibilities of the

Institutional Review Board (IRB) – IRB POL004. Retrieved from https://www.uab.edu/policies/content/Pages/UAB-RA-POL-0000122.aspx

Sedgwick, P. (2011). Phases of clinical trials. BMJ: British Medical Journal (Online), 343.

Vreeman, R. C., & Carroll, A. E. (2007). Medical myths. Bmj, 335(7633), 1288-1289.

Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2151163/