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Develop skills in critical appraising two published research articles and to critically appraise the quality of reported information.

Summary

Over the years some health sciences journal articles have been submitted to various science department across the globe (Kaplan, 2013). To establish the appropriateness of these journal article, there are four key methods that can be applied. These techniques include case report review, systematic review, and review of the literature. This paper is going to apply all these approaches in ascertain the validity, reliability, and authenticity of the paper submitted to Oral and Dental Management in the Black Sea countries. The authors of this article included John Browne MD, Myron Horrowitz MD, Barbara J Grey, MD and Cristina Ionescu DMD. This paper was submitted to Oral Health and Dental Management in 2009. However, the authors appeared to have failed to explore the checklist to determine whether the article had met all the research reporting requirements.

The review of the article abstract portrays the aims of the article was to prepare and present a paper that provided an oral manifestation of several gastrointestinal diseases diagnosed with the patients who were being admitted to the hospital department. The review of the journal article included chronic pancreatitis, biliary diseases, gallbladder, chronic hepatic diseases, gastric cancer, chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer diseases. Materials and methods used in the study included a retrospective review of the medicals records of 420 patients who were admitted to the hospital as the result of gastrointestinal diagnosis. Out of the 420 patients, 180 were diagnosed with the oral cavity.  This study was conducted from 2004 to 2007. Results and discussions found that gastrointestinal diseases were associated with traits chronic gastritis, chronic viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and peptic ulcer diseases. The conclusion of the paper was that it is not common to associate gastrointestinal with a variety of the diseases. Therefore, the paper sought that it would be appropriate to recognize variety of the oral manifestations the patients were suffering from and refer them to the appropriate treatment accordingly.

The above summary gives the whole details of the research in brief. Upon using case checklist, this paper finds that the article under critique did not meet all the research reporting requirements. The topic of the paper is the appropriate one. However, the discussion and results in the paper do not match the quality of the topic (Cronin, Ryan, & Coughlan, 2014). First, the article does not conform to the guidelines of publishing an article. It seems that the authors did not bother to check with the guidelines of publishing a journal article. This has been exhibited through the following scenarios. First, there is no name of the corresponding author in the title. This is a crucial and mandatory requirement in the field of research. Secondly, the abstract has not been written under its subheading as per the guidelines. The results of the discussion have not been given in a separate section. Some of the references are incomplete and have not been translated into the English language hence the paper is written in English grammar. Finally, the paper has not followed the rules of the academic writing where the paper has to be written in the third person. The authors have violated these rules be engaging on the use of the first person (Levy & Ellis, 2016).

Article Critique

As noted in the above paragraph, the topic used in the article is significant and important to the study. However, the topic does not conform to the content contained in the article. Therefore, the article does not contribute to the existing knowledge of research in the field of health sciences. For instance, the article reports the study on the patients diagnosed with a variety of the diseases as a result of gastrointestinal among the population of the Black Sea countries. It is amazing that this information does not appear anywhere in the title of the paper. The paper has good and ideal logical flow and construction. However, its length is questionable. For example, the introduction and the methods sections are below the threshold length of the research papers. Therefore, this means that the article relied on the few references. This may contribute to the limited scope of the study (Levy & Ellis , 2016).  

The abstract of the paper does not abide by the guidelines of the published article. As per the guidelines of the report of the research abstract should cover the aim of the study, methods used, results of the study and conclusion. Besides, the words “discussion” and “methods” should not be treated as subheadings. Additionally, the abstract do not present the appropriate synopsis of the article. The key purpose of the abstract is to provide the summary of what is to be discussed and analyzed in the journal article (Malliari & Togia , 2016). It largely focuses on highlighting findings and recommendations to the study. Instead, the abstract of this article combines two different topics that are gastrointestinal diseases manifestations review for the patients who attended and admitted in the hospital between 2004 and 2007. Again, on the aim of the paper, the authors’ mentions only review instead of the retrospective study.

The introduction is suitable and appropriate for the paper, but it is too short. Additionally, it does not review the earlier studies on the manifestations of gastrointestinal diseases. The limited length of the introduction it is a true indication that the authors did not carry sufficient literature review in their study. This might have contributed to duplication of the research that is already existing in the field of health sciences (Gonzales-Teruel & Abad-Garcia, 2014). Besides, the literature covered in the paper does meet the criteria of research. This is portrayed through the three references used in the article. Besides, one of the sources was written over twenty years ago. For the quality research, the article publishing guidelines hold that the sources used in the research should not more than five years older (Cronin, Ryan, & Coughlan, 2014). It only allows going beyond this rule if the source is very relevant to the study. Right from the introduction, the study does not appear to be original. However, based on the topic of the study was conducted the results could be vital for the population of the Black Sea countries.  

The design of the study is inconsistent with its aim. This is another major error in this article. The methods used in the study are not well described. In fact, there are no clear methods that can be attributed to this study. Therefore, it becomes difficult to establish the design of the study. This makes it hard for another group to repeat a different but related study using methods used in this article (American Psychological Association, 2010). This study could have been made better by obtaining the data about all the patients who were used as the sample in the paper. It also would have appropriate to identify the individuals who were tasked with the assignment of data collection. And if the data was collected by several persons the paper should have indicated how they collaborated. Besides, the analysis of the research design concludes that the pilot study was not conducted. This should be applied to make the results of the study more reliable.

A good study should have a sample that has been obtained randomly to avoid bias (Miller, 2012). However, this is not the case for this journal article. This study indicates that all the population was engaged in the study. It is disputable for the researchers to argue that all the patients who attended and admitted in the hospital with gastrointestinal diseases between 2004 and 2007 were engaged in the research. This assertion makes the results look as if they had been arrived at through assumptions or generalization of the observations from the patients diagnosed with the gastrointestinal disease. That is why there are no identifiable methods of collecting the sample that has been given the paper. Additionally, there are no sample collection techniques that have been mentioned. Therefore, it is difficult to establish whether they were relevant to the study. On the other hand, the statistical tests that were carried for this study are unclear and insufficient. The ethical objections in the study could not be identified because no single patient could be traced in the paper.

The results and discussions of the study appear to be erroneous. First, the title of the table used to present results is incomplete. It does not match with the title of the paper. Despite that the statistical tests have been mention in the results there is no proof on which statistical tests were carried. Besides, the pie chart provided under this section is wrongly titled and has provided wrong information on a patient suffering from gastrointestinal based on the gender. It is difficult to establish whether the statistical test applied in this study was appropriate because there is no information to attest statistical tests were used in the research. The sample that has been used to arrive at the results is huge enough. However, it is questionable because the paper claims that whole population was used for the study.  

In the discussion, the paper again fails to observe the guidelines of writing a journal article. First, the paper should explain the methods used and which methodology was applied in the study. The discussion should then proceed and critique them. However, this not observed in this article. The article has not analyzed the weaknesses and the strengths of the methods as required. It has identified only one weakness. Again, the discussion lacks enough resources for comparison with other researchers. Only four publications that have been considered. This limited lack of comparison shows the insufficient exploration of the literature review (Hittleman & Simon, 2012).

Conclusion

In conclusion, this critique paper notes that the article under critique omits a lot of the requirements and guidelines of the journal articles published. From the introduction to the conclusion, the paper has missed it all. It is undisputable that the paper has the good topic. However, the research and the content of the article do not reflect the topic. This means that the research was shallowly conducted. For example, in the conclusion section, the paper seems to only summarize the content of the article. It fails to report the results of the study as per the guidelines. Amazingly, the article goes ahead to cite a reference in the conclusion section. The authors of this article were health care professionals whose day to day work was to deal with patients. It is true they were experienced enough to execute their tasks. However, they lacked research reporting skills.    

References

American Psychological Association. (2010). . Manuscript structure and content. In Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed., pp.21-38. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&edata-src=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjnjsC_8_jUAhXB6YMKHRXlB3wQFggnMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.usask.ca%2Feducation%2Ffiles%2FGuides%2Fcrja.pdf&usg=AFQjCNE39zaxv31m2GWnd--P_lKXVlYD8g

Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, M. (2014). Undertaking a literature review:. British Journal of Nursing, 17(4), 38-43.:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18399395

Gonzales-Teruel, A., & Abad-Garcia, M. (2014). Information needs and uses: An analysis of the literature published in Spain, 1990-2004. Information needs and uses: An analysis of the literature published in Spain, 1990-2004. Library and Information Science Research, 29(4), 30-46.https://eprints.rclis.org/10766/

Hittleman, D., & Simon, A. J. (2012). Interpreting Educational Research: an introduction for consumers of research. Upper Saddle River: Merrill.https://www.pearson.com/us/higher-education/program/Hittleman-Interpreting-Educational-Research-4th-Edition/PGM145078.html

Kaplan, L. (2013, October). Reading and critiquing a research article. American Nurse, 7(10), 13-45.https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&edata-src=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjxwsy99vjUAhWi6oMKHXsBCQUQFghFMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albany.edu%2Fsph%2Fceph2014%2FResource_file%2FSyllabi%2FHealth%2520Policy%2C_Management_and_Behavior_Syllabi%2FHealth_Policy%2C_Management_and_Behavior_Syllabi.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFG7m-WvtcthQMb2ri--37YA8Up7A

Levy, Y., & Ellis, T. J. (2016). A Systems Approach to Conduct an Effective Literature Review in Support of Information Systems Research. Informing Science Journal, 12(3), 182-212.https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&edata-src=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjtlrrk9vjUAhWryoMKHVKuD7IQFggjMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Finform.nu%2FArticles%2FVol9%2FV9p181-212Levy99.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGzVX03sQJztcCXPpVGJermaYPy9A

Malliari, A., & Togia, A. (2016). An analysis of research strategies of articles published in Library Science journals: the example of Library and Information Science Research. Qualitative and Quantitative Methods in Libraries, 5(2), 805-818.https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&edata-src=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiD_NyD9_jUAhUn7IMKHd5jAQcQFggjMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qqml.net%2Fpapers%2FDecember_2016_Issue%2F545QQML_Journal_2016_Togia_805-818.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGSjKiOSYF1W-DYllxWBqe4keC4oA

Miller, D. C. (2012). Handbook of research design and social measurement (6th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/handbook-of-research-design-and-social-measurement/book10296

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Robey, D., Boudreau, M., & Rose, G. (2010). Information technology and organizational learning: A review and assessment of research. Accounting, Management and Information Technologies, 12(5), 125-155.https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&edata-src=s&source=web&cd=3&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjfnIHa9_jUAhVF74MKHSn0AU8QFgg5MAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Faprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co%2Frevistas%2Findex.php%2Fingenieria%2Farticle%2Fview%2F325371%2F0&usg=AFQjCNE9aiRr2OpJoWzplShi02TEsmGmSw

Saunders, C. (2009, June 3). IS world's MIS journal rankings. Retrieved from https://www.isworld.org/csaunders/rankings.htm

Sekaran, U. (2013). Research methods for business. A skill building approach. New York: John Wiley & Sons. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&edata-src=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwi5hNmk-PjUAhUJzoMKHVLnDzEQFggmMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiley.com%2FWileyCDA%2FWileyTitle%2FproductCd-111994225X.html&usg=AFQjCNHB5yjSwPcFl3iNj1v48_jBUyMUGA 

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