ITC505 ICT Project Management

Choose one of the topics given below and prepare a research project.

Topics to select from but not limited to:

.IoT Smart City
.IoT Mining Industry
.IoT Health Care
.IoT in Farming

1. What is the purpose of this report?

What is the topic you have chosen for your report? (The topic can be one specified as above, but you can come up with new ideas and topics of your choice in IoT).

2. Introduce the Problem or Challenges

Introduction

The prime objective of this report is to focus on the challenges of the application of internet of things in smart cities. The four different types of modules of a smart city where internet of things is applied are sensing, networking, analysis and control (Mohanty, Choppali & Kougianos, 2016). The internet of things is used to connect all the possible physical objects, this technology allows to sense different sorts of phenomena and control them in an effective way (Scuotto, Ferraris & Bresciani, 2016). The different challenging areas where smart cities are applied are smart buildings, smart energy grids, smart automobiles, water distribution lines, environmental monitoring, wearable sensors, protection of security and privacy of citizens of the smart city (Sun et al., 2016). This report will be focussing on the different types of issues and challenges faced by the smart cities using internet of things (Rathore et al., 2016).

Background of applications of IoT in smart city

Smart homes	Smart parking lot	Healthcare industry	Weather and water systems	Transport management system	Environmental pollution	Surveillance systems
Demand response	Car management	Tracking	Weather condition	Camera monitoring	Greenhouse gas monitoring	Violence detection
Fire detection technology	Departure and arrival of automobiles	Identification of issues	Water quality	Environment monitoring	Energy efficiency monitoring	Public place monitoring
Temperature controlling systems	Mobile ticketing	Data gathering	Water leakage	Travel scheduling	Renewable energy usage	People and object tracking
Security systems	Environment monitoring	Sensing	Water level	Traffic jam reduction	Air quality monitoring	CCTV
Social network supporting systems	Traffic congestion control	Equipment used in operation theatres	Water contamination	Assisted driving	Noise pollution monitoring	Traffic Police

Table 2: IOT application in a smart city

Challenges of IoT in smart cities

• Privacy and Security: It is a foremost point of discussion in the IoT based systems in a smart city (Höller et al., 2014). Systems using IoT are vulnerable to significant vulnerabilities such as data leakage, multitenancy, cross side scripting and side channels, effective measures should be taken to cope up with those issues (Boulos & Al-Shorbaji, 2014). Maintenance of the security of those advanced systems is also an important parameter regarding the usage of IoT in smart cities as the attackers are always using advanced improvised techniques in the cyber-attacks (Fortino & Trunfio, 2014).
• Heterogeneity: This is one of the major challenges of smart cities (Avijit & Chinnaiyan, 2018). Effective procurement report is very much important for maximum utilization of the IoT based systems (Stankovic, 2014).
• Reliability: Organisations involving a huge amount of smart systems are prone to reliability issues which should be taken special care of by the organisations using the technology (Botta et al., 2016).
• Legal and social aspects: The service provided by different kinds of IoT based system are based on different national and international laws which are needed to be followed in order to be completely secure from the external attacks (Jalali, El-Khatib & McGregor, 2015).
• Big data: This is the biggest challenges of an IoT based smart city (Gonzalez & Rosillo, 2015). The service provided by the IoT based system should be monitored as much as possible as essential information is transmitted to open source networks which can be easily hacked by professional hackers (Ejaz et al., 2017).
• Sensor networks: All the IOT based systems uses the sensor networks to enable the systems for different types of activities such as measuring, interfering, understanding environmental indexes (Zanella et al., 2014).
• DR barriers: There are different kinds of barriers which can have an impact on the IoT based systems (Li, Da Xu & Zhao, 2015). The three key set categories of DR barriers are as followings:
• Framework barriers: The applications of framework barriers are in the suitable electricity market, regulation and policies of organizations and communication limits (Centenaro et al., 2016).
• Providers barriers: It includes convincing the customers and making incentives for effective function of the advanced IoT based system in a smart city (Alur et al., 2016).
• Customer barriers: The issues related with customers regarding IoT are lack of knowledge and huge investment required (Bonomi et al., 2014).

Problems of IoT in smart cities

• Hacker attacks: There are different types of problems in IoT based smart city (Hui, Sherratt & Sánchez, 2017). Different types of cyber-attacks lead to data loss for the organisations, use of malicious software’s, phishing attacks are very much harmful and one of the key problems of a smart city (Wang et al., 2016).
• Data ownership risk: Storage of data in local server or in cloud server has numerous kinds of issues associated with smart cities (Jin et al., 2014). A centralized control system which used for data storing application processing and application storage have numerous issues related to the internet of technology as any single fault may lead to entire system failure (Ranjan, 2016).
• Data hacking: This is the unethical problem of IoT based smart city (Mehmoodet al., 2017). This is the other type of problem in a smart city which incorporates the internet of things due to its vast associated with different types of networks (Bonino et al., 2015).
• Public trust: The other vital problem regarding smart cities is public trust(Vlacheas et al., 2013). IT is an important problem regarding the usage of the different kinds of activities, as many people are unaware of the new progresses in the field of science and technology (Perera et al., 2014). Digital disruption is the other type of challenge faced in a city using the internet of things (Ahlgren, Hidell & Ngai, 2016).

Conclusion 

From the above report, it can be concluded that there is different type of issues related to use of internet of things in a smart city. All the risks and challenges can be mitigated using efficient risk management techniques and these will lead to greater efficiency and productivity for the organization where these technologies are incorporated.

References

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Alur, R., Berger, E., Drobnis, A. W., Fix, L., Fu, K., Hager, G. D., ... & Rexford, J. (2016). Systems computing challenges in the Internet of Things. arXiv preprint arXiv:1604.02980.

Avijit, K., & Chinnaiyan, R. (2018). IOT for Smart Cities.

Bonino, D., Alizo, M. T. D., Alapetite, A., Gilbert, T., Axling, M., Udsen, H., ... & Spirito, M. (2015, August). Almanac: Internet of things for smart cities. In Future Internet of Things and Cloud (FiCloud), 2015 3rd International Conference on (pp. 309-316). IEEE.

Bonomi, F., Milito, R., Natarajan, P., & Zhu, J. (2014). Fog computing: A platform for internet of things and analytics. In Big data and internet of things: A roadmap for smart environments (pp. 169-186). Springer, Cham.

Botta, A., De Donato, W., Persico, V., & Pescapé, A. (2016). Integration of cloud computing and internet of things: a survey. Future Generation Computer Systems, 56, 684-700.

Boulos, M. N. K., & Al-Shorbaji, N. M. (2014). On the Internet of Things, smart cities and the WHO Healthy Cities.

Centenaro, M., Vangelista, L., Zanella, A., & Zorzi, M. (2016). Long-range communications in unlicensed bands: The rising stars in the IoT and smart city scenarios. IEEE Wireless Communications, 23(5), 60-67.

Ejaz, W., Naeem, M., Shahid, A., Anpalagan, A., & Jo, M. (2017). Efficient energy management for the internet of things in smart cities. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(1), 84-91.

Fortino, G., & Trunfio, P. (Eds.). (2014). Internet of things based on smart objects: Technology, middleware and applications. Springer Science & Business Media.

Gonzalez, G., & Rosillo, V. (2015). Study and Deployment of Sensor Networks and the Internet of Things in the GDL Smart City. IEEE Guadalajara GDL CCD White Papers.

Höller, J., Boyle, D., Karnouskos, S., Avesand, S., Mulligan, C., & Tsiatsis, V. (2014). From machine-to-machine to the internet of things (pp. 1-331). Cambridge: Academic Press.

Hui, T. K., Sherratt, R. S., & Sánchez, D. D. (2017). Major requirements for building Smart Homes in Smart Cities based on Internet of Things technologies. Future Generation Computer Systems, 76, 358-369.

Jalali, R., El-Khatib, K., & McGregor, C. (2015, February). Smart city architecture for community level services through the internet of things. In Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN), 2015 18th International Conference on (pp. 108-113). IEEE.

Jin, J., Gubbi, J., Marusic, S., & Palaniswami, M. (2014). An information framework for creating a smart city through internet of things. IEEE Internet of Things journal, 1(2), 112-121.

Li, S., Da Xu, L., & Zhao, S. (2015). The internet of things: a survey. Information Systems Frontiers, 17(2), 243-259.

Mehmood, Y., Ahmad, F., Yaqoob, I., Adnane, A., Imran, M., & Guizani, S. (2017). Internet-of-things-based smart cities: Recent advances and challenges. IEEE Communications Magazine, 55(9), 16-24.

Mohanty, S. P., Choppali, U., & Kougianos, E. (2016). Everything you wanted to know about smart cities: The internet of things is the backbone. IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, 5(3), 60-70.

Perera, C., Zaslavsky, A., Christen, P., & Georgakopoulos, D. (2014). Sensing as a service model for smart cities supported by internet of things. Transactions on Emerging Telecommunications Technologies, 25(1), 81-93.

Rathore, M. M., Ahmad, A., Paul, A., & Rho, S. (2016). Urban planning and building smart cities based on the internet of things using big data analytics. Computer Networks, 101, 63-80.

Scuotto, V., Ferraris, A., & Bresciani, S. (2016). Internet of Things: Applications and challenges in smart cities: a case study of IBM smart city projects. Business Process Management Journal, 22(2), 357-367.

Stankovic, J. A. (2014). Research directions for the internet of things. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 1(1), 3-9.

Sun, Y., Song, H., Jara, A. J., & Bie, R. (2016). Internet of things and big data analytics for smart and connected communities. IEEE access, 4, 766-773.

Vlacheas, P., Giaffreda, R., Stavroulaki, V., Kelaidonis, D., Foteinos, V., Poulios, G., ... & Moessner, K. (2013). Enabling smart cities through a cognitive management framework for the internet of things. IEEE communications magazine, 51(6), 102-111..

Wang, M., Perera, C., Jayaraman, P. P., Zhang, M., Strazdins, P., Shyamsundar, R. K., & Ranjan, R. (2016). City data fusion: Sensor data fusion in the internet of things. International Journal of Distributed Systems and Technologies (IJDST), 7(1), 15-36.

Zanella, A., Bui, N., Castellani, A., Vangelista, L., & Zorzi, M. (2014). Internet of things for smart cities. IEEE Internet of Things journal, 1(1), 22-32.