M100 Law

Answer:

Introduction

The following task comprises of three different cases that took place in the US and will emphasize on the various facts that are concerned with these specific cases. Along with that will also elucidate how the decisions for each of these particular cases applies in US litigation

And the manner in which they vary in terms of summary judgement, dismissal, remand, and reversal. And the final section of the task will consider the  roles of the various levels of both state and federal courts.

Discussion

1. Case of Mrs.Phillips and Anchor Hocking Glass

In this case, Mrs. Phillips purchased a  glass baking dish that was manufactured by Anchor Hocking Glass from Thrifty Drug Store in Mesa, Arizona. This Anchor Hocking Glass is a corporation based on Ohio that manufactures glassware in the state of Ohio and distributes the products across the nation in the USA. The appellant of this case, Mrs. Phillips complained that the while removing the baking dish from the oven, the dish exploded and with that  Mrs. Phillips injured herself and wanted her attorney to bring about a product liability lawsuit against Anchor Hocking Glass in Arizona.

Now the fact that arises in that case is that as Mrs. Phillips is injured due to the fault of the product that was manufactured by the Anchor Hocking Glass, so she has the full right to sue the Anchor Hocking Glass in Ohio ("Phillips v. Anchor Hocking Glass Corporation", 2018). It can be based on the fact that there are certain organizations which have a chain of distributions. But in any case they are not prevented from getting sued  as they are doing the business in some other location. When the company is operating and functioning in Ohio, and is having its chain of distribution in Arizona, it is a subject to the jurisdiction of the courts in which it performs the business.

Now the next point of concern is that if the jurisdiction of Arizona can take this exercise in the personal jurisdiction over the defendant. In context with this, rule 4(e) allows the Arizona  courts to acquire a personal jurisdiction upon a dependant who is a non-resident the action of functioning of which has caused to arouse a situation of complaint in the case. Thus within the limits of the personal jurisdiction, it is constitutionally allowed that the Arizona courts could take over the jurisdiction (Gallagher & Ulmer, 2016). As stated by the Supreme Court of the United States Of America, a state court might acquire a specific personal jurisdiction upon a nonresident defendant if that happens to have some "minimum contacts" with that state, so the defendant must satisfy the "minimum contacts" test.

Now when the question arises is that if the case could be tried in the federal district court, then the answer to that will obviously be on the positive side that the case may be tried in a federal district court. In most of the cases it is found that some of the nonresident defendants always prefer to try the cases in the federal courts. The probable reasons for that may be the non resident defendants may think that the judges of the state courts are elected by the jury, which in turn may be familiar or sympathetic with the appellant and there may be discrimination regarding the justice. Along with that the other fact that comes here regarding the matter is that the federal district court  provides for an enhanced neutral forum, where there is a huge count of potential jurors and a life-tenured judge (VerSteeg, 2015).

2. The Lake Nixon Club Issue

Now, when it is found that the Lake Nixon club is not the specific type of the establishments that is somehow covered under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, so for the means of invalidating such restrictions regarding the admission of the Negros an interstate commerce connection might be found. Doing so, it can be demonstrated that the club affects interstate commerce and thus there in no manner the racial discrimination could be continued.

In this context establishing the fact that the out of state tourists visit the club for amusement  may be sufficient enough to reveal that the activities carried out in the club affects the interstate commerce and thus practising such racial discrimination within the club may must be prohibited on the ground that it will affect the commerce.

On the other hand, when it comes to the civil right laws, then that specifically deals with the liberties and the protections that are enjoyed by the the people residing in the United States Of America. These are the specific rights that are particularly designed so as to ensure that the people are treated equally without the concern of their gender, ethnicity, or any other such sort of attributes. These are likely to be constitutional as they guard the people against any  overly intrusive conduct that may be performed by the Government. Along with that the actors of the Government in this case are also not permitted to make any arbitrary decisions or even try to deprive the individuals of their property or lives without duely following the process and procedures of the Law. Again, the disobedience or the violation of these laws can end up with the civil and criminal penalties to be met by the offender and is specifically based on the court decisions that are published so as to interpret the actual meaning of the legislation and easily determine how a particular law can be applied on a given situation (Howard Jr, 2014). Above all, the states have approved their own civil rights legislations so as to supplement the existing federal protections.

3. Possible Theories Of Recovery For Fox Against Ford

In the present case, due to the fault of the manufacturing of the car Fox sustained severe burns as his Pinto was hit from behind and the same exploded into flames as there was no shield to prevent the spread of fire into the auto and the gas tank was easily ruptured by a rear-end collision. Regarding this case, Fox can claim for the compensatory and the punitive damages that were caused due to the accident of the car. As the accident took place due to the manufacturing defect of the car, so the charges must be against the Ford for compensating Fox for the damages and the injuries that were caused during the accident ("Daniel v. Paul, 395 U.S. 298 (1969)", 2018).

A better claim in this regard will be that of the product liability as the accident was due to the fact that the car manufactured by the Ford was defective and the entire accident took place due to the faulty manufacture of the car. Also Fox can go for the tort claims where there is absolute negligence of the Ford in the manufacturing of the cars.

Along with that on the other hand, Ford could have argued that the fault was of the driver rather than that of the poor designing or manufacture of the car. They may have charged that the sort of accident that took place was not regarding the manufacture or design of the car, rather it was more related to the inappropriate usage of the vehicle by the driver (Koziol, et al. 2017).

4. Relations And Differences of The Decisions Of The Above Cases In The US Litigation

In the various cases that we have considered here, the judgements regarding the various cases differed to a huge extent. In the case of Mrs.Phillips against the Anchor Hocking Glass and that of the case of Fox against the Ford, both the cases may be related to the product liability lawsuits where there was the defect in the manufacturing of the products from the end of the company. Accordingly the plaintiffs must have been paid of the compensations for the damages and the injuries that were caused to them in the accidents that took place. Again in the case of the Nixon Lion Club. the situation was a bit different where the Negroes were denied the entrance to the club on the basis of the racial discrimination which was violation of the rights of the Negroes (Clark, 2015). In that context, the approaches were made so that the activities in the club could be related to the interstate commerce and thus the club could be made to accept the fact that their denial to the entrance of the Negroes into the club premises could alternatively affect the interstate commerce connection. In both the cases of product liability lawsuits the plaintiffs must be paid off the compensation and in the other case the litigations are so designed that none of the individuals in the USA could enjoy their rights irrespective of their religion, gender and other discriminatory facts (VerSteeg, 2015).

5. The Roles Of The Various Levels Of Both State And Federal Courts

The US constitutions forms to be the Supreme Law of the land in the United States Of America. The nation has a federal system of government where the power is significantly shared between the state government and the federal government. Due to this very federalism, each of the state governments and the federal government have their own specific court systems. The federal court system comprises of courts at three different levels: The U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, and the U.S. District Court.

The Supreme Court was primarily considered to be an appellate court that only heard of the cases where either of the parties felt that their rights have been violated by the decisions that were made in the State Courts. But as the time passed, the nation developed and the cases at times were much more complex and involved matter that considered individuals who were non residents of the particular states (or at times the issues were in between the states).

Although the court systems are different in the USA, but at some point or the other, they all have a particular connection, they are not absolutely separate (Lash & Gura, 2017). Both the local and the state courts must honor both the federal law and at the same time the laws of every other states. In cases where the state laws are in conflict with the federal laws, the federal laws must be honoured by the state courts (Feldthusen, et al. 2017).

Apart from that the claims that are arising under the federal statutes may be tried in state courts, in cases where the Congress or the Constitution have not specifically or particularly mentioned that the types of the claims can only be tried in the federal courts. Also, regarding the  full faith and credit clause every state court is obliged to respect the decisions and the final judgements that have been given by the other state courts. And in the time when the issue concerns different states  like the drivers belonging from two different states collide in a third state, in such a case the judges of the specific states may consult decide their respective state’s case decision regarding the conflict or may at times apply the state laws another state to decide the case (Scalia, 2018).

In the very manner in which the state courts are concerned with the federal law, also the federal courts are at times concerned with state laws and the happenings in the state courts. When a particular case happens to involve the claims using both the state and the federal law, then the federal courts needs to consider the state-law-based claims. Again in the situations where the state law raises some important issue re the garding federal law that needs to be decided, then the Supreme Court takes the appeals from the State Supreme Court.

Along with that a broad category of cases that may arise between the citizens of different states are at times heard in the federal courts (Calabresi & Vickery, 2015).

As a whole almost 90 percent of the cases are heard at the state courts including the criminal cases, the lawsuits that involves the state laws, family law issues etc. Apart from that the state courts may also hear the cases that involves some important state constitutional rights.

In contrast, the federal courts only hear some specific kinds of cases including cases related to the federal crime, the lawsuits that involves the citizens of different states, and more likely the cases that are related to the US constitution (Neuborne, 2014).

Conclusion

Although, at times it seems complex, yet both the federal and the state courts in the US makes the decisions that benefits the citizens of the nation.The judges of these courts specifically interpret the constitution and thus cherish and protect the rights of the individuals. But again due to the diversity within the nation, the various individuals face various issues at times, in those situations, the Americans must avail their swift access to the justice system and thus cooperate and help the judges and the other actors of the judicial system to do the fair and impartial practices in the state and the federal courts.

Reference List

Phillips v. Anchor Hocking Glass Corporation. (2018). Retrieved from https://law.justia.com/cases/arizona/supreme-court/1966/100-ariz-251-1.html

Daniel v. Paul, 395 U.S. 298 (1969). (2018). Retrieved from https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/395/298/case.html

Gallagher, M., & Ulmer, J. M. (2016). Product Liability: Professional Issues to Consider. Leadership & Organizational Management Journal, 2016(1).

VerSteeg, R. (2015). Product Liability and Commercial Law Theories Relating to Concussions. J. Bus. & Tech. L., 10, 73.

Smith, B. W. (2017). Automated driving and product liability. Mich. St. L. Rev., 1.

Clark, D. W. (2015). Life in Lawsuit Central: An Over-View of the Unique Aspects of Mississippi's Civil Justice System. Miss. CL Rev., 34, 149.

Koziol, H., Green, M. D., Lunney, M., Oliphant, K., & Yang, L. (Eds.). (2017). Product Liability: Fundamental Questions in a Comparative Perspective. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.

Feldthusen, B., Green, M., Goldberg, J., & Sharkey, C. (2017). Product Liability in North America.

Howard Jr, J. W. (2014). Courts of appeals in the federal judicial system: A study of the second, fifth, and District of Columbia circuits. Princeton University Press.

Scalia, A. (2018). A matter of interpretation: Federal courts and the law: Federal courts and the law. Princeton University Press.

Neuborne, B. (2014). Parity Revisited: The Uses of a Judicial Forum of Excellence. DePaul Law Review, 44(3), 797.

Lash, K. T., & Gura, A. (2017). Does the Fourteenth Amendment Protect Unenumerated Rights?. University of Chicago Law School.

Calabresi, S. G., & Vickery, S. M. (2015). On Liberty and the Fourteenth Amendment: The Original Understanding of the Lockean Natural Rights Guarantees. Texas law review, 93(6), 1299.