For this assignment answer the following questions in complete well thought out sentences. Provide educated references as needed. A grading rubric is provided separately.
1. What are intracellular and intercellular regressive tissue changes? Give some examples.
2. What are the causes and types of necrosis?
3. What are atrophy and hypertrophy? What are the reasons for these conditions?
4. What is inflammation and what are its causes?
5. Differentiate the 6 types of lesions?
Resources
Chapters 3-4 of your textbook are excellent resources for this assignment. All sources to include your textbook should be listed on a separate page .
Acceptable Length
The assignment should be in the form of 5 paragraphs answering the questions, one for each question. Remember a paragraph should contain 5-10 complete and well thought out sentences
Answer:
Regressive tissue changes are numerous pathological changes demonstrating disturbance in the metabolism of the cell leading to a decrease in size of the tissue (Zu?lch, 2012). Intracellular regressive tissue change is whereby there is a buildup or an accumulation of substances within the protoplasm of the cells. Intercellular regressive tissue change indicates a situation where there is an accumulation or buildup of substances between the cells. Examples of intracellular regressive tissue changes include the amyloid disease, fatty degeneration, and cloudy swelling (Zu?lch, 2012). Some examples of intercellular regressive tissue changes include pigmentation which can either be exogenous or endogenous, calcification, and gout.
Necrosis is an unprogrammed death of a cell. The causes of necrosis include injury by hypoxia which is the loss of oxygen by a tissue or cell due to a thrombus, neutrophils and microphages also produce free radicals and proteases to kill a pathogen which can also kill host cells that are nearby leading to necrosis. Additionally, necrosis may be caused by chemical injury whereby toxins in the environment or toxins produced by bacteria lead to cell death and traumatic injury which can occur due to a severe blunt force. Infectious agent such as viruses also cause necrosis. Types of necrosis include coagulative, liquefactive, caseous, fat, fibrinoid, and gangrenous necrosis (Myers, Curran & Ahmad, 2014).
Atrophy and hypertrophy are adaptive changes in a cell to aid the cell in coping with the changes in the environment. Atrophy is the decrease in the size of a tissue or organ due to a decrease in the number and size of cells. Atrophy occurs due to several reasons such as a decrease in the functional mandate of a cell and decreased supply of oxygen to the cells and tissues. Hypertrophy is the increase in the size of an organ or tissue due an increase in the number of cells. Hypertrophy occurs due to an increase in the growth signals and an increase in the function of a cell (Goodman, Fuller & O'Shea, 2016).
Inflammation is a physical condition in which a section of the body becomes, red, hot, swollen and painful because of an infection or an injury. This section of the body that is inflamed is usually localized. The causes of inflammation include, inadequate sleep, lack of exercise, excessive work, deficiencies of vitamins and minerals, too much stress, pharmaceuticals, and diet that lacks fresh fruits and vegetables (Wells, 2015).
The six types of lesions include type I lesions which are not visible but represent increasing numbers of intimal microphages and foam cells. According to Ordkerk (2013) type II lesions the fatty streak lesions and contain microphage foam cells and lipid droplets within the intimal smooth muscle cells. Type II lesions are the first completely visible lesions. Type III lesions is the intermediate stage which contain fatty streaks with extracellular lipid droplets which are microscopically visible. Type IV lesions are atheromatous with thin fibrotic cap on the core of the extracellular lipid. Type V lesions are fibrotic with thick fibrous cap comprising smooth muscle cells and collagen. Type VI lesions are complicated lesions which have fractured or fissured resulting to luminal thrombosis or hemorrhage (Oudkerk, 2013).
