Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Prevention, Symptoms, And Policies - An Essay.

Types of STDs

Infections that transfer from one person to another due to sexual connection are known as Sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Parasites, viruses, bacteria and yeast are the reasons of STDs. Types of STDs are more than 20 types, some of them are: Genital herpes, Syphilis, HIV/AIDS, Chlamydia, Trichomoniasis, HPV, Gonorrhea, etc. Both men and women get affected by STDs but it is more severe for pregnant women as it affect the health of the baby. STDs caused by parasites, yeast or bacteria are curable and through antibiotics is can be treated but STDs caused by a virus it is not curable but can be controlled with the help of medicines (Beigi, 2012).

- Proper education should be provided to the person who is at risk for avoiding STDs and counseling should be provided so that person can strongly fight with the disease.

- Preventable vaccine for STDs should be provided to the person at risk.

- Persons who are infected with the disease i.e. STD and person with symptoms of STDs should be identified.

- Infected person should be provided with proper treatment, consoling, vaccinations and diagnosis.

- Infected persons sex partner should be identified and to be provided effective counseling, treatment and evaluation of the partner should be done (Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2015).        

Urination is painful, vesicle in reproductive organ, itching in vaginal and rashes on reproductive organ, white discharge (STD Check 2017).

Vesicle on reproductive organ, urination is painful, rashes on reproductive organ, itching, spots on reproductive organ, white or yellow discharge, etc. (STD Check 2017) 

Policies are formed to explain the worth of the tools used in public health. For the prevention of STD, policies are basis in the department of public health. There are different laws formed for the prevention of STD except HIV and programs were launched for checkups, treatment, clinics, expedited partner therapy.

EPT is a strategy that is depend on the buddies to bring treatment to associates and shows the reduction in randomized measured trials of gonorrhea reinfection and shows results of evaluation and policy assessment whether they are beneficial for STD prevention or hampering the efforts. EPT policy for awareness and changes in the policies can act as a barrier and can be related to the practical changes followed in EPT policies. In the year of 2014, EPT was allowed in 35 authorities, theoretically permissible in 9 and expected banned in 6 (Leichliter, and Seiler, 2017).

Guidelines for Prevention

Multiple studies are conducted for the evaluation of STD screening policies. In the support of this policy studies were done for noting screening’s cost effectiveness. Although limited number of research were conducted with regards to existence of the policies in settings of health delivery and in the levels of government and organizations. For example, a research was conducted for syphilis screening law at the state level, CDC and medical groups suggested this screening. The results of the research was that the most of the authorities comprises with the law of syphilis screening is important at the time of pregnancy or delivery (Klausner, and Hook, 2007).

- Health promotion do not only focus on people suffering from STD, it focus on the total population in the matter of their daily routine of life. It included children, youth and old people and focus on improving their health (National Youth Health Programme 2017).

- Health promotion help person to recognize the infection risk by its own sexual activities.

- Health promotion help in recognizing risk due to the sexual activities of partner.

All the people of the country should participate in the promotion of their own health and its important element is welfare. It is the responsibility of all the citizen of the country and PHC treatment can only be attained with the participation of society in development, implementation and preservation of the services if health.

Involvement of people affected by HIV: This principle encourage the involvement of people affected by HIV is the decision making that can influence their life. This principle also encourage the empowerment of young people, women and others.

Principle of equity was formed to protect the rights of the people, as it explains that all the people have equal rights and will be treated equally. Working party of National Aboriginal Health Strategy explains that by providing health policies to the people of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander will not be enough they should be provided equality in terms of society, culture and emotionally.

Principle of Self-determination means people take control of their own future and handle the issues (The Royal Australian College of General practitioners 2016). Communities like Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander control their own future and decide the solutions for the issues faced by them.    

Rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, absolute rights of community control and self-determination are included in this and given importance. National Aboriginal Health Strategy recommended that institutes those who provide graduate and undergraduate degree in medical, nursing should compulsorily include the study of history, issues and culture of aboriginal and aboriginal people should be involved while making and teaching these studies.   

Symptoms of STD

Government is working a lot for improving the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and trying to fulfill the gap in health outcomes. ACT health policies was implemented by the government of Australia for improving the health. For this government has done lot of investments (ACT Government 2016). Aboriginal and Torres Strait islander people have all right to access the health facilities available.

References

ACT Government 2016, Policies, viewed 22 October 2017, https://www.health.act.gov.au/our-services/aboriginal-torres-strait-islander-health/policies

Beigi, R.H 2012, Sexually Transmitted Diseases, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2015, ‘Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines’, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, vol.64, no.3, pp. 1-137, https://www.cdc.gov/Mmwr/pdf/rr/rr6403.pdf

Klausner, J.D and Hook, E.W 2007, Current Diagnosis & Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, McGraw Hill Professional, New York.

Leichliter, J. S and Seiler, N 2017, STD Prevention Policies in the United States: Evidence and Opportunities, viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5283689/

National Youth Health Programme 2017, Principles of Health Promotion. Viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.youthhealth.ie/content/principles-health-promotion

STD Check 2017, Male STD Warning Signs & Symptoms, viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.stdcheck.com/std-symptoms-men.php

STD Check 2017, STD Symptoms in Women, viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.stdcheck.com/std-symptoms-women.php

The Royal Australian College of General practitioners 2016, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health, viewed 20 October 2017, https://curriculum.racgp.org.au/statements/aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-health/

Related diseases together named as cancer. Cells of body start dividing and spread into the tissues in the cancer. Body’s any part can be affected by the cancer that is made of cells. Body cells develop and divide into different cells and take the place of the cells that are old and damaged and this process gets disturbed due to the effect of cancer. Cancer cells that divide and spread in the tissues called tumors (Davis, 2017). Most of the cancer tumors are solid but in the case of blood cancer like leukemia it is not necessary to form solid tumor. In malignant tumor of cancer divide and spread into the tissues present in their surroundings and the process of cell formulation stops and affected cells flow in the blood and form tumors in other parts of the body. Benign tumor is different from malignant tumor in this tumor do not spread and these types of tumors do not grow again but malignant tumor have chances to grow again but benign brain tumor can be hazardous for the life of human. Cancer is said to be a genetic disease as it is caused due to the changes in the genes that control the functioning of the cells. Environmental factors also cause cancer like radiation and chemical in the smoke of the tobacco. Person infected with cancer has different combination of genetic changes. Changes occur according to the growth of the cancer in the body of patient.

Health Policies for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Policies are provided by the government for prevention from cancer and early detection services. ACT policies are implemented by the government. These policies are essential for reducing the effect of cancer. It also help cancer patient to remain free from cancer and stay healthy. Half of the death due to cancer can be prevented by following these policies, money can be saved that will be used for advanced treatment of the disease and disease can be detected at earlier stage. Some of the policies importance are

Vaccines and preventive services to be covered: Services like clinical preventive services, vaccinations suggested by committee of advisory should be covered under Medicaid expansion plans and private insurance without cost-sharing (Public Policy Resources 2017). Tobacco cessation treatment, to reduce obesity interventions for weight loss, cancer screening and vaccine for cancer are included in these services.

Medicare prevention: All the eligible beneficiary of Medicare can visit annual wellness and no charges are applied for services of prevention (American Cancer Society 2017).

Public health fund and prevention: National investments are created through this fund and programs of public health to recover health and lesser health care charges. Cervical and national breast cancer and campaign for former smokers programs were funded through this fund.

National prevention policy creates detailed reference for national movements by government and non-government organization, with plans and policies to decrease the occurrence of definite preventable cancer types.  

Health promotion is focused in the direction improving the health. This involves co-operation among the segments beyond health care showing the variety of situations like Cancer effect health (Eldredge, et al. 2016). Smoke free air policies controlling the intervention of tobacco, this policies was implemented to keep hospitality and workplace venues smoke free (Hyland, Barnoya and Corral, 2017).   

Health services should be provided to all the people whether they are poor or rich, it should be shared equally in spite of the ability of people to pay or not (Rubin, et al 2015). People suffering from Cancer have right to avail these services.

Equal opportunity: Important principle of advocacy is that all people should be valued whether person is fit or not and they should not be ignored. It is the basic principle that people those suffering from diseases like cancer should be respected and to be involved in the decision making (Healthcare Whisperer 2010).   

Principle of Equity explains that all the people should be involved while making the policies and implementing them. Services provided for Cancer prevention like treatments, screening programs, vaccinations, diagnosis, etc. should involve Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in the formation and implementation (Meiklejohn, et al 2017).   

Expedited Partner Therapy (EPT)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have right and are capable to make decisions about disease like Cancer and their views will be given importance and will be respected. People belonging from normal and developed areas should motivate these communities and support.

People belong from Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island should know their rights and can use these rights. They have the right to be treated equally and no discrimination will be done with them.

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have right to access the services and facilities related to Cancer. Government and private organizations are working a lot to improve health of these communities by implementing and investing in the policies (Hart, M.A., Burton, A. and Hart, K. eds. 2016).

References

American Cancer Society 2017, Medicare Coverage for Cancer Prevention and Early Detection, viewed 14 October 2017, https://www.cancer.org/healthy/find-cancer-early/cancer-screening-guidelines/medicare-coverage-for-cancer-prevention-and-early-detection.html

Davis, C.P 2017, Cancer, viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.medicinenet.com/cancer/article.htm

Eldredge, L.K.B., Markham, C.M., Ruiter, R.A., Kok, G. and Parcel, G.S. 2016, Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach, John Wiley & Sons.

Hart, M.A., Burton, A. and Hart, K. eds. 2016, International Indigenous Voices in Social Work, Cambridge Scholars Publishing.

Healthcare Whisperer 2010, The Principle and Brief History of Patient Advocacy, viewed 25 October 2017, https://healthcarewhisperer.com/the-principle-and-brief-history-of-patient-advocacy/

Hyland, A., Barnoya, J. and Corral, J.E 2017, ‘Smoke-free air policies: past, present and future’, BMJ journals, vol. 21, no. 2.

Meiklejohn, J.A., Garvey, G., Bailie, R., Walpole, E., Adams, J., Williamson, D., Martin, J., Bernardes, C.M., Arley, B., Marcusson, B. and Valery, P.C. 2017, Follow-up cancer care: perspectives of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cancer survivors, Supportive Care in Cancer, 25(5), pp.1597-1605.

Public Policy Resources 2017, Strong Prevention Policies Will Reduce the Cancer Burden, viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.acscan.org/policy-resources/strong-prevention-policies-will-reduce-cancer-burden

Rubin, G., Berendsen, A., Crawford, S.M., Dommett, R., Earle, C., Emery, J., Fahey, T., Grassi, L., Grunfeld, E., Gupta, S. and Hamilton, W 2015, The expanding role of primary care in cancer control, The Lancet Oncology, 16(12), pp.1231-1272.

When the blood sugar of the body is high it results in diabetes. Blood glucose is the source of energy that comes from the food intake. Glucose of the food is transferred with the help of a hormone known as Insulin is the body cells and used for energy (National institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney disease 2017). It can also happen that the body does not use insulin properly and due to this glucose does not transfer to the cells and remain in the blood. Even, health problems also arise due to the presence of too much glucose in the blood. However, diabetes have no solution it cannot be cured but can be controlled with the help of medicines and prevention steps. There are different types of diabetes names as type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes.

STD Screening Policies

Insulin is not formed in type 1 diabetes because in this cells of pancreas are destroyed by immune system of the body that helps in making the insulin. Type 1 diabetes is mostly seen in young adults and children but it is not applied as it can arise at any age. Insulin should be regularly taken by those patient who are suffering from type 1 diabetes (WebMD 2017).

In type 2 diabetes insulin is not used properly by the body. Type 2 diabetes can arise at any age of life and it can also arise in the stage of childhood. Although, this type of diabetes mostly arise in older and middle age people (Oberg, E 2017).

Mostly Gestational diabetes arise in women who are pregnant. Many times when baby is born Gestational diabetes goes away from the body. It is also been faced that people suffering from gestational diabetes have chances to develop type 2 diabetes in later stages of life.                        

Translational models shows the benefits of lifestyle change in preventing the development from IFG or IGT to type 2 diabetes. According to research conducted in 2002 most of the population of US remains untreated (Bergman, et al 2012). Reasons for this are not known but different policies should be developed especially the rules for unsuccessful clinical exercises.

Operative global community health strategies are vital for talking about diabetes and other NCDs, specifically as they explain for the majority of deaths globally and establish a ‘slow-motion disaster”.  

Government of Australia has formed a strategy known as National Diabetes Strategy for improving and arranging the diabetes issue in the levels of the government (The department of health 2016). It involve objectives and possible area to get an idea for applying and to attain the goals.

- Heath promotion combines varied, but balancing approaches comprising education, communication, regulation, financial measures, structural change, community change, community expansion and impulsive local actions against health threat like Diabetes as this disease is very dangerous and should be treated properly (Eldredge, et al 2016).

- Health promotion is not a health service it is a societal project, although health specialist’s duty is to promote and encouraging health.

Technology

Technology should be implemented which is technically sound, adjustable and suitable for those who will apply it or use it (Drummond, et al 2015). Insulin pumps and insulin infusion systems are the example of technologies used in the treatment and should be maintained properly. For the Treatment of Diabetes many machines are used so these machines should be effective and provide good results towards improving the health of the patient.  

- People suffering from diabetes should be treated with respect and dignity.

-Life of the people suffering from diabetes should be enhanced.

- Advocate for rightful access to high value diabetes care and maintenance.

Principle of Equity says that all the people should be treated equally and should be accessed the right to use the facilities available. Different programs were introduced for prevention of Diabetes like short-term healthy lifestyle, structured management strategies were used to improve the health of these community people (Smith, J.D. 2016).  

It involve the transfer of power of decision making to aboriginal people from government. It also involve resources and programs that will help in enhancing their own capabilities of decision making (McAuliffe, D. 2014). Self-determination is important in improving the services.

Aboriginal and Terror Strait Island people have right to control their intellectual property. They have the right to interpret and regulate their culture as they are the primary guardians.

Principle of access has provided the right to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island people to be included while making the policies as they have right to access the policies and facilities implemented for diabetes and other diseases.

References

Bergman, M., Buysschaert, M., Schwarz, P. E & Albright, A 2012, Diabetes prevention: global health policy and perspectives from the ground, viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4556601/

Drummond, M.F., Sculpher, M.J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G.L. and Torrance, G.W. 2015, Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes, Oxford university press.

Eldredge, L.K.B., Markham, C.M., Ruiter, R.A., Kok, G. and Parcel, G.S. 2016, Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach, John Wiley & Sons.

Mayo Clinic 2017, Gestational Diabetes, viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20355339

McAuliffe, D. 2014, Interprofessional ethics: Collaboration in the social, health and human services, Cambridge University Press.

National institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney disease 2017, What is Diabetes? Viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes

Oberg, E 2017, Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms, Signs, Diet, and Treatment, viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.medicinenet.com/type_2_diabetes/article.htm

Smith, J.D. 2016, Australia's rural, remote and Indigenous health, Elsevier Health Sciences.

The department of health 2016, Australian National Diabetes Strategy 2016-2020, viewed 20 October 2017,  https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/nds-2016-2020

WebMD 2017, Type 1 Diabetes, viewed 20 October 2017, https://www.webmd.com/diabetes/type-1-diabetes#1