Cumulative Effects And Watershed Management In Salmon River Watershed Near Shuswap

This report is about the salmon river watershed near Shuswap (located in BC, Canada)question is in the pdf file, some guidelines are also there. Talk about some clues to report writing for salmon river watershed near Shuswap, BC.

General outline for your report:

• Intro key issues of concern in your watershed e.g.

o Water scarcity (availability versus use) o Instream ecological flows

o Water quality / non-point source pollutants and/or multiple contaminants o Other?

• Discuss cumulative effects; upstream – downstream interactions

• Discuss potential / relevant watershed management strategies (including biophysical / technical and socio-economic / policy options) for your watershede.g.

• Water conservation

• Source water protection o Other

Within this report, focus on cumulative effects, upstream-downstream interactions and how they might be addressed. Briefly reiterate the key issues of concern in your watershed. Specifically discuss major water quantity and quality issues in your watershed such as water scarcity and/or watershed health, provide quantitative information where possible (summary data in tables or graphs; indicators or indices). Discuss cumulative effects of multiple landuse impacts, non-point sources, and/or upstream-downstream interactions as applicable in your watershed.

Then identify and discuss two relevant approaches for water and watershed management for your watershed, including technical and policy options; including (but not limited to) water conservation and/or source water protection.

Water Scarcity

The main of the salmon watershed natural resources assessment is to gather data which are formed from other sites hence shows some of the present's situations of various conservations target within the watershed. It also aims at identifying tools which can be used by the private and the public bodies to sustainably control the watershed resources. It will also create some of the best critical objectives and goals with means of determining the end the results meant to sustainably and systematically boost environment quality inside the watershed (Estefan et al, 2013).More importantly, the subjects also aim at upholding and improving the environment of the quality within the watershed. Some of the assessment will also create some of the blueprints for executing specific preservation projects on the bases which happen at the sequence. Some of the identification on the ground in the salmon watershed are required to provide for the blueprints for executing specific preservations projects on the ground, which normally occur sequent with the further provisions of the network for the unit management planning process on the salmon watershed. However, the conclusions of this projects will also depict some of the important information on the individual's landowners and state owners of the land whose effects of the management policy affects the extensive portions of the salmon watershed (Creelman, Hauser, Simmons, Templin, Seeb, 2011).

The salmon watershed river is originating from some of the predicted to be exceptional of good quality of the water and the general landscape mere lack impervious surfaces and high levels of the forest covers .Some of the late analysis which was carried out suggested that some of the watershed conditions such the people surrounding, the emergence of the nearly build roads across the land in between the watershed, the depth and shallow of the dam of the salmon watershed and original existences of the salmon water cover indicates how the tug hills areas represents one of the miles of the river streams and one of the largest forested cover block (Creelman et al,2011).

The existence of the water resources across the tug hills regions is contributed by the precipitations that fall yearly across the region. The drizzles patterns are impacted by the positions and paces of the tug hills on the shores of the lake's tributaries which influences the air masses that injects the air masses which has got effects on the snow and the rain to the regions of the salmon watershed. The yearly watershed surplus approximates ranges from the 40 and the elevations which are approximately 16 closeness to the lake (Istok & Dawson, 2014).Contrary, there is the average amount of water, which is present annually to stabilize the extensive wetland system. However, the large velocity of the stream eroded the gulf of the surrounded salmon watershed.

Fig 1 .water flow (Istok & Dawson, 2014).

The wetland system acts as a retainer of non-permanent runoff and releases its extremely large periods of the Water hence aids to sustain the stream flow of the water throughout annually. More importantly, the salmon watershed streams system is the network of the headstreams waters, rocky headwater streams and the freshwater river mouth at the river estuary on the eastern shore of the salmon watershed. In addition, its header water mostly combines with the high eminence cold water streams (Griffiths, Schindler, Armstrong, Scheuerell, White, Clark, Volk, 2014). However, the river consists of various dams which include hydroelectric facilities and the lighthouse towards the salmon watershed projects uphill and red field reservoir.

Instream Ecological Flows

Fig 2.Water reservoir (Hocking & Reimchen, 2010).

The extraordinary water quality of the Salmon River helps and support a world-class fishery. The salmon rivers, which has got chains of its tributaries along with the estuary provide the ground for

fisheries which are quite important to the life of the people in general (Hocking & Reynolds, 2011). Contrary to this, some of the fish was I stored find it's difficult to withstand some of the worldly exposes the threats of the people who constantly pollutes the river in the mid of the searching for fish and taping of the water of the river banks. Similarly, some of the human activities around the salmon watershed projects also influence the existences of the fish. This includes the excessive application of the fertilizers and cutting down of the tree which greatly makes huge impacts on the erosions of the soils. However, more importantly, fishery adequately provide great income to the people since it is local economic resources (Kim & Lapointe, 2011).According to the late research indicates that the salmon watershed provides approximately 30% of the total angler trips and some high percentage of the angler efforts.

The watershed has considerately impacts on the sediment transport .The discrete amount of the sediment exposed to streams is much higher when the erosion occurs. This has great impacts on the activities which are being carried out like fishing since the amount of the water deposits is higher at the banks. However, several changes occur when upstream interact with downstream. This effects a cumulated through space (Lisi, Schindler, Bentley, Pess, 2013). Upslope logging, vegetation changes and logging downstream channels. Similarly, there is also deposition of the materials downstream riparian zones which occurred in the different parts of the salmon watershed thus this greatly affects the temperature of the watershed.

Fig 3.The watershed (Lisi et al, 2013).

Not only were various human activities and natural activities do occur but multiple of the mechanism for the variation were significant. The temperature was impacted by the variations in the hydrology, sedimentations and vegetation. Similarly, some of these mechanism affects other changes which led to degradation of the and lower the surface runoff by creating the some of the permeable substrate (Erol & Randhir,2013). Aggradation also attribute the damages of the riparian vegetation this is because of different types of these interacting variations. This has caused most of the fisheries to take initiative to samples to the biologist for the experimentation of the changes which was unseen only to get that the temperature changes were important in the watershed. This has caused some of the experts like an archaeologist who also later discover that vegetation had changed and plant ecologist and soil scientist also ware at the verge to I identify that vegetation has changed. Thus geologist was to evaluate simple variations in the erosions rate and in the channels (Mantua, Tohver, Hamlet, 2010).

Relevant watershed management strategies (including biophysical/technical and socio-economic / policy options) for your watershed 

 Several mechanisms have been put into place to curb some of the challenges which affect the salmon watershed. Since there was a massive overflow of the vegetation materials to the riparian of the salmon watershed (Chen & Lu,2014). Government agencies have put in place some of the farming activities which are carried out at the upstream like the cutting down of the tree and ploughing across the hill to cease .This eased and improved the salmon watershed since there is no logging of the materials from the upstream. Similarly, banning of the overfishing and use of the chemicals which deprived the life of the trout in the salmon watershed has greatly influenced the productions of the fish in the salmon watershed. The provision of the law which categorically aims at the establishing and protecting the watershed sources has greatly improve the amount of the fish obtained in the last decades (Chen & Lu,2014).Some 0f the activist which were carried out to minimize the waterlogging and depositions of the materials in the watershed includes cutting of the trees and abolitions of the human activities which aim at destroying and cutting of the trees

Water Quality / Non-point Source Pollutants and/or Multiple Contaminants

Some of the factors such as natural fertility, topography, climate and length of the growing seasons highly impact the improvement of the research investment and some of the new modern techniques which are required to sustain and maintain the balance of nature (Xue,Cheng & An,2013).  However, some of the places which unfairly have distributions of the rainfall patterns may be at the verge of implying the strong emphasis on the water conservations to lower the soils erosions and boost crop yield. However, to some parts of the of the salmon watered which are in upstream and not receiving high rainfall should adopt some of the policies like water harvesting and groundwater taping to help them realize some of the food productions  (Xue et al,2013). 

Furthermore, addressing some of the challenges of maintaining over existences resources management through watershed scheming and provisions of the appropriate law of innovative policy and industrials alternative approaches on the problems which aim at helping to improve the salmon watershed process .

Several factors shows some fundamental role in knowing and identifying some of the entire work which entails guidelines of the state's operations and adoptions of several programs to enhance the salmon watershed. Provisions of the efficient management of the watershed were initially started by the address of the newly arising problems of the of the water availability. The worth of the distributions was stated by the policy recognizes that water is less in amount and its use should be scheme appropriately as the plan by the national policy (Roni, Bennett, Holland, Press, Hanson, Moses, Walter,2012).

Some of the major challenges fisheries normally face is pollutions. One of the threats of the pollution is non-point pollutions as it indicates in the picture below as the streams of the water with its collections of the weeds and some unrelated materials emit its materials into the salmon watershed (Roni et al, 2012).This injects numerous problems to the people who entirely depend on the fishery being it makes it impossible for them to have time to fish. Non-point pollutions when occurred irrigation water normally run over the planted areas which makes it difficult for some of the farmers to effectively carry out their activities thus results to the poor yields and some unrelated issues which bring poverty. Some of the pollutants consist of the excess soil into the watershed of the salmon, bacteria z and nutrients deposits into the salmon watershed.

However, keeping nutrients deposits by the erosions sometime is beneficial to some of the poacher of the fish which finds it easy for them to get fish at cost of the loss to the government. Contrarily, keeping water point safe is of great important thus it increases and boast the water transportation and skating as shown the pictured below.

Fig 4. Water transportation and skating (Roni et al, 2012).

Recently, salmon stock faces a lot of the challenges which increases many the crisis in the farming sectors of the fisheries (Schindler, Armstrong, Bentley, Jankowski, Lisi, Payne, 2013). The salmon fisheries collaborated with some of the wild salmon fisheries to a significant way of boosting the fisheries economy in maintaining the life of the individuals who are living the coastal regions of the salmon as well as providing good quality of the seafood. Since many fisheries are facing a lot of the challenges especially to the salmon watershed, which by the number of factors have greatly impacted their lives negatively thus provisions of some basics solutions.

Cumulative Effects of Upstream-Downstream Interactions

Introduction of an ecosystem-based approach to manning all resource industries - including salmon farming - in watersheds and marine environments.

For stopping some of the continuous habitat loss and address some of the future effects resulting from the climate (Schindler et al, 2013).The government agencies adopted some approaches in managing industries thus they require a shift from the presents fragment. This aims at controlling the hostility of the surrounding and increasing the heightened the capacity to accommodate change. Some of the changes which will be affected are surveying of the temperature and hydrological flows and maintaining the conditions of the riparian's and water quality (Spromberg & Scholz, 2011).

A shift to a new governance system to ensure the future of wild and farmed salmon resources and their habitat.

A new system of the government needs many changes with the commencement of the creation of a particular water and land agency in control of making water and riparian land critical subjects in the watershed (Spromberg & Scholz, 2011).

Application of the ecosystem-based systems in managing salmon farms in the watershed

Situated in the on the interim research, some of the findings and the objectives we established in order to stop the wild some of the endangered species from the firms thus making the life of the fish in the firm to be safe (Spromberg & Scholz, 2011).This greatly impacts and contribute a high percentage of the trout in the salmon watershed.

Conclusion

Advance targeted acknowledgement to fix the demand of the small-scale farmers who are naturally stationed on their resources endowment (Swain, Hocking, Harding, Reynolds, 2013). However, there is a demand for the creations watershed management technologies, which aims at conservation of the few resources and provide the land scales for the users. Conservations techniques like technology have become so luring to small scale farmers when some little additions are combined with efficiency in promoting the choices. Similarly, promotions efficiency of the groundwater surfaces water through good and efficient management, conservations and harvesting become so easy with the aid of the improved and enhanced devices such as germ plasma (Swain et al, 2013). However, modifications of the inventions would simple allow series of the water taping.

Ways of lowering some profit and enhancing the efficiency of complementary irrigation or rainwater in crop growth use the local resources and the local knowledge increasing the return to investment in watershed development programs. Some of the assessment create some of the blueprints for executing specific preservation projects on the bases which happen at the sequence. Some of the identification on the ground in the salmon watershed are required to provide for the blueprints for executing specific preservations projects on the ground, which normally occur sequent with the further provisions of the network for the unit management planning process on the salmon watershed (Swain et al, 2013).  

References

Bisson, P. A., Dunham, J. B., & Reeves, G. H. (2011). Freshwater ecosystems and resilience of Pacific salmon: habitat management based on natural variability. Ecology and Society, 14(1).

Chen, J., & Lu, J. (2014). Effects of land use, topography and socio-economic factors on river water quality in a mountainous watershed with intensive agricultural production in East China. PloS one, 9(8), e102714.

Creelman, E. K., Hauser, L., Simmons, R. K., Templin, W. D., & Seeb, L. W. (2011). Temporal and geographic genetic divergence: characterizing sockeye salmon populations in the Chignik Watershed, Alaska, using single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 140(3), 749-762.

Erol, A., & Randhir, T. O. (2013). Watershed ecosystem modeling of land-use impacts on water quality. Ecological modelling, 270, 54-63.

Estefan, G., Sommer, R., & Ryan, J. (2013). Methods of soil, plant, and water analysis. A manual for the West Asia and North Africa region, 170-176.

Griffiths, J. R., Schindler, D. E., Armstrong, J. B., Scheuerell, M. D., White, D. C., Clark, R. A., ... & Volk, E. C. (2014). Performance of salmon fishery portfolios across western North America. Journal of applied ecology, 51(6), 1554-1563.

Hocking, M. D., & Reimchen, T. E. (2010). Salmon species, density and watershed size predict the magnitude of marine enrichment in riparian food webs. Oikos, 118(9), 1307-1318.

Hocking, M. D., & Reynolds, J. D. (2011). Impacts of salmon on riparian plant diversity. Science, 331(6024), 1609-1612.

Hudson, N. (2015). Soil conservation: fully revised and updated (No. Ed. 3). New India Publishing Agency.

Istok, J. D., & Dawson, K. J. (2014). Aquifer testing: design and analysis of pumping and slug tests. CRC Press.

Kim, M., & Lapointe, M. (2011). Regional variability in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) riverscapes: a simple landscape ecology model explaining the large variability in size of salmon runs across Gaspé watersheds, Canada. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, 20(1), 144-156.

Lisi, P. J., Schindler, D. E., Bentley, K. T., & Pess, G. R. (2013). Association between geomorphic attributes of watersheds, water temperature, and salmon spawn timing in Alaskan streams. Geomorphology, 185, 78-86.

Mantua, N., Tohver, I., & Hamlet, A. (2010). Climate change impacts on streamflow extremes and summertime stream temperature and their possible consequences for freshwater salmon habitat in Washington State. Climatic Change, 102(1-2), 187-223.

Roni, P., Bennett, T., Holland, R., Press, G., Hanson, K., Moses, R., ... & Walter, J. (2012). Factors affecting migration timing, growth, and survival of juvenile coho salmon in two coastal Washington watersheds. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 141(4), 890-906.

Schindler, D. E., Armstrong, J. B., Bentley, K. T., Jankowski, K., Lisi, P. J., & Payne, L. X. (2013). Riding the crimson tide: mobile terrestrial consumers track phenological variation in the spawning of an anadromous fish. Biology Letters, 9(3), 20130048.

Spromberg, J. A., & Scholz, N. L. (2011). Estimating the future decline of wild coho salmon populations resulting from early spawner die?offs in urbanizing watersheds of the Pacific Northwest, USA. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 7(4), 648-656.

Swain, N. R., Hocking, M. D., Harding, J. N., & Reynolds, J. D. (2013). Effects of salmon on the diet and condition of stream-resident sculpins. Canadian Journal of fisheries and aquatic sciences, 71(4), 521-532.

Xue, Z., Cheng, M., & An, S. (2013). Soil nitrogen distributions for different land uses and landscape positions in a small watershed on Loess Plateau, China. Ecological engineering, 60, 204-213.