Governmental Administration

LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 1 Lecture 10 Revolutions Shaping Modernity I Introduction 1 Modern civilization 1.1 Began in Europe in about 16 thand 17 thcentury 1.2 Spread to America, Africa and Asia as aresult of imperialism and colonialism 2 Foundation s 2.1 Individualism 2.2 Modern natural science 2.3 Industrialization 2.4 Capitalism 2.5 Political: liberalism, nationalism, democracy II Individualism 1 Human beings 1.1 Independent individuals 1.2 Each with their own inviolable dignity 1.3 Equal in their basic worth and moral status 2 What is most important 2.1 Uniqueness and individuality 2.2 Personal choice and autonomy 2.3 Freedom from external interference 3 Any relations among people and between the society and their citizen 3.1 External and contingent 3.2 Result only from free personal choice 4 Society: the venue where everyone tries to 4.1 Satisfy their own desires 4.2 Seek their personal interest 4.3 Promote their own personal well-being and happiness 5 Priority of the interest of individuals over the interests of 5.1 States 5.2 Social groups LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 2 III The Rise of Modern Science 1 Scientific Revolution 1.1 From the end of the Renaissance to the Enlightenment 1.2 A new conception of the world 1.3 A new conception of knowledge 1.4 Leading to technological development 2 Nicolaus Copernicus 哥白尼 (1473 –1543) 2.1 Before 16 thcentury 2.11 Ptolemy ’smodel of geocentrism 地心 說 2.12 The Earth is the center of the universe 2.13 The Sun and other planets revolve around the Earth 2.2 Copernicus: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres 《天體運行論》 (1543) 2.21 Heliocentrism 日心 說 :the earth revolves around the sun 2.22 Demand people to give up their commonsensical view and personal experience 2.23 Contradicting with the teaching of the Bible 2.3 Supplemented by 2.31 Kepler's mathematical laws of planetary motion: the orbit of aplanet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. 2.32 Galileo ’sempirical observation with the telescope he made 3 Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaulti de Galilei 伽里略 (1564 –1642) 3.1 Founding father in various aspects of modern science 3.11 “Father of Observational Astronomy ” 3.12 “Father of Modern Physics ” 3.13 “Father of the Scientific Method ” 3.14 “Father of Modern Science ” 3.2 Theoretical physics 3.21 Speed and velocity 3.22 Gravity and free fall 3.23 Inertia 慣性 3.3 Applied science and technology 3.31 Describing the properties of pendulums 3.32 Inventing the thermoscope and various military compasses 3.33 Using the telescope for scientific observations of celestial objects. 3.4 Contributions to observational astronomy 3.41 The telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus 3.42 The observation of the four largest satellites of Jupiter 3.43 The observation of Saturn ’srings 3.44 The analysis of sunspots LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 3 4 Francis Bacon 培根 (1561-1626) 4.1 “Father of Empiricism ” 4.2 Argued for the possibility of scientific knowledge based only upon 4.21 Inductive reasoning 4.22 Careful observation of events in nature 4.23 Experimentation 5 Rene Descartes 笛 卡 兒 (1596 –1650) 5.1 “Father of Rationalism ”,“Father of Modern Philosophy ” 5.2 Contributed to the demonstration of the unreliability of the pseudo-science in the past 5.3 The universe: described and understood in terms of mathematical laws 5.4 Cartesian dualism 5.41 Mind: only possessed by humans 5.42 Matter: everything else 5.43 Everything other than human beings: operate according to the physical laws 5.44 The world: agigantic auto-machine 5.45 Human beings: amaterial machine with athinking mind 6 Isaac Newton 牛頓 (1642 –1727) 6.1 Established the branch of optics in experimental physics 6.2 Discovery of calculus 6.3 Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy 《自然哲學的數學原理》 (1687) 6.31 A synthesis of a Copernican astronomy and Galileo ’sphysics b Bacon ’sinductive-observational method and Descartes ’smathematical methods 6.32 Laws of motions and universal gravity a First law :in an inertial frame of reference, an object either remains at rest or continues to move at aconstant velocity, unless acted upon by aforce. b Second law :F=ma c Third law :action and reaction 6.33 Laid the foundation for classical mechanics 7 A new conception of knowledge 7.1 Breaking with traditional authority 7.11 The medieval ages, Renaissance and the Reformation: traditional knowledge is the most reliable source of wisdom 7.12 Appealing to the authority of the Church and the Bible 7.13 Starting from 17 thcentury a Traditional authorities: rejected b Great thinkers: relied on their own power of reason to discover new knowledge c Autonomy of science: parted with religion and traditional authority d Freedom of thinking LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 4 7.2 The combination of theory and practice 7.21 In the past: pure knowledge was considered superior to practical and technical knowledge 7.22 Since the late 17 thcentury: knowledge was expected to be useful in a Solving human problems b Promoting human happiness 7.23 Practical and social implications: Technological development a Industrialization b Improvement in production of food and other basic necessities, medicines, transportation and communication 7.3 Denial of the mystery of the universe 7.31 Disenchantment of the world 世界的解咒 (Max Weber) 7.32 Starting from about 1660: the traditional teleological conception of the world was gradually replaced by amechanistic one 7.33 The world a No longer understood in terms of the divine purpose of creation b Described and understood in terms of mathematics c Ground: empirical observations d The nature: accurately predictable and fully comprehensible by human intellect 8 Cultural impact of the scientific world view 8.1 Science as the paradigm of knowledge 8.11 The world a =the physical world b What is not physical: does not exist /no need to bother at all 8.12 Knowledge a =knowledge obtained by scientific methods b What cannot be studied scientifically: not knowledge /no need to bother at all 8.2 Human beings: no longer the center of the universe 8.21 Copernicus: the Earth, where humans reside, revolves around the Sun, not vice versa 8.22 Darwin ’stheory of evolution: Human beings only evolved like other animals 8.23 Freud ’spsychoanalysis: Human beings are basically instinctual beings not superior to other animals IV Industrial Revolution 1 Industrial Revolution (from 1760 to 1850) 1.1 The transition from the past agrarian, handicraft, labor intensive economy 1.2 To anew economy dominated by 1.21 Machine manufacture 1.22 Specialization and division of labor 1.23 Factories and cities 1.24 Worldwide market for goods, services and capital LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 5 2 Factors contributing to the industrial revolution 2.1 Agricultural revolution (1700s) 2.11 New farming tools and methods: increase in agricultural productivity 2.12 Commercial farming: surplus for sale in the market 2.13 Peasants: free from manorial obligation and even farming 2.14 More land: free for industrial use 2.2 Population explosion 2.21 More food: sustained growth in population 2.22 Increase in labor supply 2.23 Labor: freed from agriculture to get involved in industrialization 2.3 Rapid development of cities 2.31 Rapid growth in trade and other commercial activities 2.32 People: migrated from the rural to the urban areas 2.33 Engaged in industrial activities 2.34 Increase in average income 2.4 States with centralized powers 2.41 Increase in their economic and political power 2.42 Compete with each other for resources, markets, territory and prestige 2.43 Engaged in fierce military and commercial rivalries 2.44 Encourage a Industries to manufacture weaponry, uniforms and ships b Commerce for the sake of tax revenue 2.5 Early change in technology 2.51 Cotton textiles a Flying shuttle 飛梭 (1733) :allowing asingle weaver to weave much wider fabrics https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=flying+shuttle&form=HDRSC3&first=1&tsc=ImageBasicHover b Spinning jenny 珍 妮 紡紗機 (1768): allowing an operator to work several spinners at once https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=Spinning%20jenny&qs=n&form=QBIR&sp=-1&pq=spinning%20jenny&sc=2-14&cvid=DB65DBAFA7914B7DA96136337817DA59&first=1&tsc=ImageBasicHover c Workers: began to work together in factories 2.52 St eam power a Steam engine: invented in 1760s but began to be widely used only in 1830s when engines and fuel became cheaper b Ran on coal or wood: meant flexibility in locating factories c Even weaker people and less-skilled worker –children, women, the elderly: could perform the few simple necessary tasks d Human participation in manufacturing: diminished 2.53 Iron and steel a Iron: widely used in construction and machinery by 1780s b Steel: produced cheaply in 1860s 2.6 Transportation 2.61 Major road building in the 18 thcentury (England and France) 2.62 Boom in canal construction between 1760 and 1820 (England and USA) 2.63 Steam-powered engines: replaced horse-powered railroads in the 1820s LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 6 2.7 Communication 2.71 1840: postal system reformed in Britain a Before that: letters were paid for by the recipient and the cost was determined by the distance from sender to recipient and the number of sheets of paper b The new system: based on the concepts of penny postage and prepayment c With acountrywide flat rate with weight restrictions d Invention of the postage stamp (the Penny Black )as alternative ways of getting the sender to pay for the postage 2.72 1844: the first telegraph sent from Baltimore to Washington, D.C. 2.73 By 1866: transatlantic cable was operating 3 Impacts 3.1 Enormous demand for capital investment 3.11 Spread of factories and the extensive application of machinery 3.12 Coal mining and steel industries 3.13 Construction of railroads and canals and the building of trains and steamships 3.2 Investment 3.21 Required and encouraged the development of the financial industry 3.22 Book-keeping, banking, insurance companies 3.23 Fueling the rise of capitalism 3.3 Social impacts 3.31 Rise of the status of the individuals: before the law, in trade, in political thought and in politics 3.32 The nation: started to become more important than the province, region or local area 3.33 Urbanization V The Rise of Capitalism 1 Commercial Revolution (1500-1800) 1.1 General causes 1.11 Rise of cities: increase in population and commercial activities 1.12 Technological progress and industrial revolution: increase in productivity 1.2 The rise of trades and finance as amajor economic activity 1.21 Guild s:replaced by partnerships or firms 1.21 Increase in investment 1.22 Establishment of banks 1.23 Invention of double-entry book-keeping 1.3 The rise of capitalism as the dominant economic system 1.31 Began at different time and developed at different pace for different regions and countries 1.32 First in Western Europe: starting with England 1.33 Spread to the whole world: voluntarily (European countries) or involuntarily (through colonialism in America, Africa and Asia) LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 7 2 Basic features of Capitalism 2.1 A system of private enterprise 2.11 Economic decision making: made by private individuals a Private individuals :owners, workers, consumers b What, when, where, how, how much to produce, sell and buy 2.12 Private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit 2.2 A system of free enterprise 2.21 Individuals engaging in voluntary exchange 2.22 Free competition 2.3 Other basic features 2.31 Profit maximization and capital accumulation 2.32 Wage labor 2.33 Money as the universal medium of exchange 2.34 Free competitive markets 3 Rise of capitalism: result of increase in 3.1 Incentive to invest and reinvest 3.11 Price revolution a Population increase: increased demand for basic commodities b Price: kept climbing -Increased the incentive to invest rather than consume -Reduced the risk in investment 3.12 Concentration of wealth in private hands a Population increase: increase in labor supply b Low wage of the workers: more profit for the rich c The rich were getting more rich as aresult of investment 3.13 Government activity a Government as agiant consumer b State policies: mercantilism 3.2 Appetite to consume 3.21 Demand for discretionary goods was created 3.22 The greater the desire to consume: the harder they worked to produce 4 Development of capitalism 4.1 Stage 1: Mercantile Capitalism (14 th-18 thcenturies) 4.11 Capitalism :first emerged during the 14 thcentury 4.12 Began with Columbus ’sarrival in the America in 1492 a Capitalism: asystem of trading goods outside of the local market in order to increase profit for the traders b Growing European powers: profited from colonial expansion 4.13 Mercantilism 重商主義 a Government: supposed to augment national wealth and power b Should maintain afavorable balance of international payment c Maximize export and minimize import d Supply most of needs of the nations LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 8 4.14 Marking the beginning of a Rise of the merchants and capitalists b Creation of the joint stock companies (e.g. the British East India Company) c Stock exchanges and banks 4.15 European powers (the Dutch, French, and Spanish) a Seized the control of trade in goods, people (as slaves), and resources previously controlled by others b Through colonization projects: shifted production of crops to colonized lands and profited off of enslaved and wage-slave labor 4.16 End of Stage 1 a People ’sability to accumulate wealth: limited by the tight grasp of the ruling monarchies and aristocracies b American and French Revolutions: altered systems of trade c Industrial Revolution: significantly altered the means and relations of production. 4.2 Stage 2: Classical (or Competitive) Capitalism (19 thcentury) 4.21 The bourgeoisie class a Owners of the means of production b Rose to power within newly formed nation-states 4.22 A vast class of workers a Left rural lives and were released from agricultural production b Working in factories producing goods in amechanized way. 4.23 Basic characteristics a Free market ideology: the market should be left to sort itself out without intervention from governments b Competition between firms and nations: best for the economy and everyone c Mechanization: new machine technologies used to produce goods d Division of labor 4.24 Social condition a Unrest among working classes in the U.S., in the UK, and throughout colonized lands b Causes: low wages and poor working conditions c Labor movement: began to take shape d Philanthropy: emerged as away for those made wealthy by capitalism to redistribute wealth to those who were exploited by the system. 4.3 Stage 3: State Welfare Capitalism 4.31 Following the stock market crash of 1929 a Free-market ideology and its core principles: abandoned by heads of state, CEOs, and leaders in banking and finance b Keynesian /“New Deal ”/State Welfare Capitalism: anew era of state intervention in economy 4.32 Government: plays an active role in regulating economic activities a To protect national industries from overseas competition b To foster the growth of national corporations through state investment in social welfare programs and infrastructure. c To smooth out the boom-and-bust pattern of the business cycle. LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 9 4.33 Keynesianism a Based on the theory of British economist John Maynard Keynes (published in 1936) b The economy: suffering from inadequate demand for goods c The only remedy: to stabilize the populace so that they could consume. 4.34 The “New Deal ” a A series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms, and regulations enacted by President Roosevelt in the U.S. (1933-1939) b Social welfare programs: e.g. Social Security c Regulatory bodies: e.g. the United States Housing Authority and Farm Security Administration d Legislation: e.g. the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (which put alegal cap on weekly work hours and set aminimum wage) e Lending bodies: e.g. Fannie Mae (subsidizing home mortgages) f Jobs: created for the unemployed individuals g Increase in the rates of taxes on very wealthy individuals and corporate profits 4.35 The rise of the U.S. a The Keynesian model and the production boom after World War II: fostered aperiod of economic growth and accumulation for U.S. corporations b The U.S.: became the global economic power 4.36 The emergence of consumerism a Technological innovations of radio and television: allowed for mass mediated advertising to create demand for consumer goods b Advertisers: began selling the concept of consumption as away of life 4.4 Stage 4: Globalized Capitalism 4.41 The U.S. economic boom: faltered in the 1970s 4.42 Neoliberal plans adopted: much of the regulation and social welfare programs created in the previous decades abolished 4.43 Technological advances in computer, telecommunication and internet 4.44 The economies of most countries are becoming more and more integrated and interrelated 4.44 Entering the age of Globalism Capitalism VI The Political 1 Liberalism as Philosophical doctrine 1.1 John Locke :Two Treatises of Government 《政府論》 (1690) 1.11 Each man has anatural right to life, liberty and property 1.12 Representative governments: grounded on the social contract among free and equal individuals 1.13 Government should serve the interest and protect the rights of the people 1.2 JSMill: On Liberty 《論自由》 (1859) 1.21 People: should be given the greatest possible freedom to pursue the life they choose 1.22 The power of the society over the individual: should be limited 1.23 Government intervention: justified only when one ’saction is to harm or violate the rights of other people LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 10 2 Economic doctrine: Adam Smith ’sThe Wealth of Nations 《國富論》 (1776) 2.1 People 2.11 Egoistic: concerns only about their self-interest 2.12 Rational: always seek to maximize their interest (instrumental rationality) 2.2 To maximize the wealth of asociety 2.21 Government: stays out of the way of economic activities 2.22 Everyone: allowed to pursue their personal interest freely 2.23 Supply, demand, prices and competition: left free of government regulation 2.24 Invisible hand a Everyone: focusing on maximizing their personal gain b Unintended consequence: maximizing the nation ’sgood 2.3 The role of the government: limited to 2.31 National defense 2.32 Maintaining order and stability 2.33 Public works and the administration of justice 3 Political movement: getting popular during the Age of Enlightenment 3.1 Political 3.11 To denounce: the norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy, the divine right of kings and traditional conservatism 3.12 To promote: representative democracy and the rule of law 3.2 Economic 3.21 To end: mercantilist policies, royal monopolies and other barriers to trade 3.22 To promote: free trade and free markets 3.3 To end colonial rules 3.4 Revolutions inspired by the ideal of liberalism 3.41 Revolutions of 1848 in France, the Netherlands, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and the German states 3.42 The Glorious Revolution in England (1688) 3.43 The American Revolution (1776) 3.44 The French Revolution (1789) 4 Liberals: generally support 4.1 A limited government 4.11 Constitutional order 4.12 Separation of powers 4.2 Capitalism: Free market, free trade 4.3 Individual rights protecting 4.31 Life and properties of the individuals 4.32 Individual freedom: freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion 4.33 Equality of individuals: regardless of gender, race, wealth, bloodline 4.4 Self-governance: people should rule themselves 4.41 Democracy: rejection of absolute monarchism 4.42 Nationalism: rejection of imperialism and colonialism LCST2005 Introduction to World Civilization Dr Lee King Hang Roger [email protected] 11 VI Conclusion 1 W esternization of the modern world 1.1 Starting from 16 thcentury: rapid and revolutionary development in western Europe 1.2 Western civilization 1.21 Modernization 1.22 Globalization 1.3 Op timism in modern civilization 1.31 Progress in a Science and technology b Efficiency and productivity 1.32 Liberation of the individuals from a Ignorance and superstition b Social and political bondage 1.33 Maximization of human well-being a Abundant resources b Improvement in health and life-span c Life: more comfortable and convenience 2 Questions 2.1 Does the new development benefit everyone in the world? 2.2 Is the modern civilization really leading us to an ideal world?