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1 Coursework for 16429‐CFD Introduction Chimney or smokestack configurations are widespread in the artificial e ...
1 Coursework for 16429‐CFD Introduction Chimney or smokestack configurations are widespread in the artificial environment. They are a typical feature of modern society’s fluid waste disposal methods as witnessed by the various visible gaseous emissions into the atmosphere from domestic and industrial smokestacks (McGrattan et al. [1]) and from cooling towers or mobile exhausts. Other ‘non‐visible’ examples are represented by the releases of liquid into coastal water, rivers and lakes from a variety of (industrial, municipal and agricultural) sources, mining and oil extraction operations (Jirka [2]; Tomàs et al. [3]), chemical reactors and various plants for waste treatment and desalination facilities (Oliver et al. [4]). Many other variants can be found in the specific field of energy production, where such configurations are a characteristic feature of thermal discharges from nuclear and fossil‐fueled electricity generation plants (Martineau et al. [5]; Lee and Asce [6]; Fregni et al. [7]). They can also exist at a smaller scale in typical problems relating to the cooling of computer mother boards and related CPUs and memories (Sun and Jaluria [8]; Biswas et al. [9]) or in combustion chambers as a result of the presence of holes or orifices for fuel injection and dilution (Issac and Jakubowski [10]; Baltasar et al. [11]). Similar concepts also apply to the manufacturing industry, where gas furnaces are commonly used for the heat treatment of metals (Viskanta [12]). In the built (civil engineering) environment, such configurations are widespread in emergency ventilation and air conditioning systems in buildings (Venkatasubbaiah and Jaluria [13]; Subudhi et al. [14]; Morsli et al. [15,16]; Harish [17]) and can be found, in general, in every technological situation in which a heat exchanger is required. Given the diversity and rich spectrum of circumstances in which such configurations can be encountered and the myriad technological applications briefly reviewed above, generalizations are rather difficult. Many situations are possible in principle depending on the specific case considered. However, all these cases share a common factor, namely, the existence of localized regions where the temperature is higher than that of the surroundings (typically the area located at the bottom of the considered chimney or smokestack configuration). This typically leads to the onset of “thermal convection” [18, 19] (heated fluid tends to become lighter and therefore it rises through the chimney). Two fundamental situations are possible in principle: Fluid rises in the chimney only due to thermal convection (completely “natural” phenomenon), or a fixed mass flow rate is forced through the chimney (this leading to “mixed” natural‐forced convection through the chimney). Here, we will concentrate on the first case, i.e. natural convection only. The considered configuration can be seen in Figure 1. This geometry has a symmetry plane. It consists of a region (called “heat chamber”) delimited externally by walls with a constant (high) temperature and an upper region of larger horizontal extension (the chimney) delimited externally by adiabatic (no heat exchange) solid walls. The symmetry axis is indicated with a dot‐dashed line. The distance of the walls from the symmetry axis for the heat chamber and the chimney is denoted by b and B, respectively (with B > b). Due to the heating effect of the walls, the fluid inside the heat chamber expands (its density reduces) and therefore it becomes “lighter”. The lighter hot fluid tends to rise in the heat chamber and enter the chimney region. As the fluid velocity is in general relatively small, the flow can be considered incompressible and the Boussinesq approximation can be used. As a result of the fluid rising through the heat chamber and the chimney, new colder fluid (having temperature T c) tends to be sucked into the heat chamber through the inlet region located at the bottom of the heat chamber. In this way a continuous flow is obtained. As the flow is incompressible (the amount of fluid entering the system per unit time must be equal to the amount of fluid leaving the system per unit time), at any instant an amount of hot fluid equal to the amount of cold fluid entering the system from the bottom, leaves it through the outlet section (at the top). As shown in Fig.1, the proper numerical simulation of this problem requires that the numerical domain (the overall mesh) is not limited to the heat chamber and the chimney, It must also include two extra areas 2 corresponding to a certain portion of the external environment (located under the heat chamber and over the chimney, respectively). Figure 1 Schematisation of the Heat Chamber (channel)‐Chimney system. The vector g is the gravity acceleration 3 Geometry Size and Fluid Properties Figure 2 Dimensions of the Heat Chamber‐Chimney System (lengths are measured in millimetres, they shall be multiplied by 10 ‐3 in order to have the corresponding ones in meters) Table 1 Fluid properties for the Boussinesq model Fluid Air Density Model Boussinesq Density 1.225 Kg/m 3 Specific Heat (C p ) Model Constant Specific Heat ( Cp)1006 J/KgK Thermal Conductivity Model constant Thermal Conductivity 0.0242 W/mK Viscosity Model constant Viscosity 1.7894x10 ‐5Kg/ms Thermal Expansion Coeff. Model constant Thermal Expansion Coeff. T 0.0033 K ‐1 Kinematic viscosity 1.46x10 ‐5 m 2/s Thermal diffusivity 1.96x10 ‐5m2/s 4 Analysis and final report In Tutorial 3‐Heat Chamber‐Chimney System you have seen how the geometry and the mesh for such a problem can be created. Relevant information has also been provided about the steps required to set‐up the Boussinesq approximation (to simulate buoyancy phenomena), set the correct boundary conditions and, eventually, select the correct solution algorithm (solver) and related integration schemes. For the final coursework, the following questions shall be addressed in the form of a technical report. 1) Generate a mesh as explained in the frame of Tutorial 3. A (large) figure showing the mesh must be reported. Describe (briefly, a few sentences) how the mesh was produced and its "properties" (overall number of grid points, shape of computational cells). Entitle the section where you report these results “Basic Mesh” (10 Marks) 2) Run a simulation following the instructions provided in the frame of Tutorial 3. Include plots showing the streamlines and the temperature distribution. In your own words, describe what you see in those figures (Note: try to elaborate a detailed description of the thermal and fluid‐dynamic fields). Using the height of the heat chamber as reference length, determine the Rayleigh number for the considered problem. Entitle the section where you report these results “Basic Simulation” (15 Marks). 3) Describe the balance equations for mass, momentum and energy. Then, in your own words explain how the considered solver “works”, i.e. describe ALL the “steps” on which the method is based, the equation associated with each step; also, explain how the pressure is determined and why it is needed (maximum 1.5 page ‐ Note: there is no need to describe exactly how “Fluent” works, you shall describe the used category of solvers ‘in general’, refer to lecture 4). Entitle the section where you report this description “Equations and Method description” (10 Marks). 4) Explain the essence of the Boussinesq approximation and the main differences (including the advantages, disadvantages, etc) between the “two main categories” of solvers (pressure‐based and density‐based) existing in commercial software available on the market (maximum half a page, refer to lecture 4). Entitle the section where you report this description “Critical analysis of the used approach” (10 Marks). 5) Following the concepts illustrated in the frame of tutorial 2 (video part c), conduct a mesh refinement study. For this study use as control parameters (i) the maximum value of the velocity in x and y direction (ii) the heat flux on the walls of the heat chamber. Consider at least 4 different meshes in addition to that used for point (1) and run a simulation with each of them. Report the results in a table (the table must report the number of elements of the mesh as well, i.e. it must show how the maximum value of the velocity in x and y direction and the heat flux on the walls of the heat chamber change as a function of the overall number of used computational cells). Attach a figure showing in detail the mesh for which grid independence has been obtained (i.e. the mesh that provides a similar result to the one with a smaller number of elements). The figure shall show a detail of the inlet region, the heat chamber region, the chimney region and the outlet region. Entitle the section where you report the outcomes of this assessment “Mesh Refinement Study” (15 Marks). 6) Describe the space and time integration schemes that you have selected and, in your own words, illustrate the difference between central‐difference and upwind schemes (explain how they work, maximum one page ‐ Note: there is no need to describe exactly how “Fluent” works, the relevant information to address this question can be found in lectures 2 and 3). Entitle the section where you report such a discussion “Description of Space and Time Schemes” (5 Marks). 5 7) With the mesh that has provided a grid‐independent solution in the point (5) (i.e. the mesh that has provided a similar result to the one with a smaller number of elements in the point (5)), carry out two additional simulations, changing the value of the parameter “B” (half of the width of the chimney) and “b” (half of the width of the heat chamber). You can vary b in the range 5 b 9 mm and B in the range b B 20 mm. Plot the temperature contour and the streamlines and calculate the heat flux on the hot walls (for both the simulations). Compare these results with the ones obtained in the point (5) with the same mesh and highlight how (if) these geometrical parameters have an influence on the flow‐field. Include figures and data (in the form of a table) that you consider important. Entitle the section where you report such results “Parametric Investigation” (15 Marks). 8) Pick one of the previous simulations and run again the simulations changing the spatial discretisation schemes (only momentum and energy equations for one simulation). Describe the modifications (even if they are extremely small) induced by such a change in the velocity and temperature field and other related differences (concerning, e.g., the calculation time, the convergence of the residuals, etc…). Entitle the section where you report such results “Discretisation scheme assessment” (10 Marks). 9) In your own words (and without reporting equations) describe briefly the main difference between the two main categories of turbulence models available in existing commercial software (RANS and LES, refer to lecture 5). Moreover, state which of these models you would use for the present problem if you had to consider the case for which the Rayleigh number becomes much higher than one million (e.g., if the numbers shown in Fig. 2 were in centimetres rather than in millimetres), and try to provide a justification or rationale for such a choice. Entitle the section where you report this discussion “Identification of a relevant turbulence model” (maximum half page, 10 Marks, Note: as a definitive or ‘perfect’ turbulence model does not exist, marks related to the turbulence model choice will be assigned only on the basis of the quality of reflections provided by the student). GENERAL NOTE: Your report shall be submitted in pdf format. Reports containing more than 14‐ pages (excluding the cover page, table of contents, references, appendix) will be penalized. The report shall be prepared using the dedicated template (which also includes the cover sheet and the initial table where the student shall indicate which questions have been addressed). No need to include an abstract or an introduction. For each figure and table a dedicated caption shall be prepared describing what is shown in the figure or table and the conditions for which those results have been obtained. References [01] McGrattan K.B., Baum H.R., Rehm R.G., (1998), Large eddy simulations of smoke movement, Fire Saf. J. 30, 161–178. [02] Jirka G.H., (2004), Integral Model for Turbulent Buoyant Jets in Unbounded Stratified Flows. Part I: Single Round Jet, Environmental Fluid Mechanics 4: 1–56, 2004. [03] Tomàs A.F., Poje A.C., Özgökmen T.M., and Dewar W.K., (2016), Dynamics of multiphase turbulent plumes with hybrid buoyancy sources in stratified environments, Phys Fluids, 28, 095109 (24 pp). [04] Oliver C. J. Davidson M. J. and Nokes R. I., (2013), Removing the boundary influence on negatively buoyant jets, Environmental Fluid Mechanics, 13(6), 625–648 6 [05] Martineau R.C., Berry R.A., Esteve A., Hamman K.D., Knoll D.A., Park R., Taitano W., (2010), Comparison of natural convection flows under VHTR type conditions modeled by both the conservation and incompressible forms of the Navier–Stokes equations, Nucl. Eng. Des. 240, 1371–1385. [06] Lee J. H.W. and Asce F., (2012), Mixing of Multiple Buoyant Jets, J. Hydraul. Eng., 138(12), 1008‐1021. [07] Fregni A., Angeli D., Cimarelli A., Stalio E., (2019), Direct Numerical Simulation of a buoyant triple jet at low‐Prandtl number, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 143, 118466. [08] Sun Z. and Jaluria Y., (2011), Conjugate thermal transport in gas flow in long rectangular microchannel, J. Electron. Packag. 133(2), 021008 (11 pages). [09] Biswas N., Mahapatra P. S., Manna N.K. and Roy P.C., (2015), Influence of Heater Aspect Ratio on Natural Convection in a Rectangular Enclosure, Heat Transfer Engineering, 37(2), 125‐139. [10] Isaac K.M. and Jakubouski A. K., (1985), Experimental study of the interaction of multiple jets with a cross flow, AIAA Journal, 23(11), 1679‐1683. [11] Baltasar J., Carvalho M.G., Coelho P., Costa M., (1997), Flue gas recirculation in a gas‐fired laboratory furnace: measurements and modelling, Fuel , 76(10), 919–929. [12] Viskanta R., (1993), Heat transfer to impinging isothermal gas and flame jets, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 6(2), 111‐134. [13] Venkatasubbaiah K. and Jaluria Y., (2012), Numerical simulation of enclosure fires with horizontal vents, Numer. Heat Tran. 62, 179–196. [14] Subudhi S., Sreenivas K.R., Arakeri J.H., (2013), Study of buoyant jets in natural ventilation of a model room, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 64, 91–97 [15] Morsli S., Ramenah H., El Ganaoui M. and Bennacer R., (2018), Effect of aligned and misaligned ventilation opening affecting energy demand and air quality in buildings, Eur. Phys. J. Appl. Phys. 83, 10901 (10 pages). https://doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2018180119 [16] Morsli S., Boussoufi M., Sabeur A., El Ganaoui M., Bennacer R., (2018) Small to large scale mixed turbulent convection: buildings application, International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow, 28(1), 188‐205, https://doi.org/10.1108/HFF‐10‐2017‐0392 [17] Harish R., (2018), Effect of heat source aspect ratio on turbulent thermal stratification in a naturally ventilated enclosure, Building and Environment , 143, 473–486. [18] Lappa M., (2009), Thermal Convection: Patterns, Evolution and Stability, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2009, Chichester, England). [19] Lappa M., (2012), Rotating Thermal Flows in Natural and Industrial Processes, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (2012, Chichester, England).
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