Design and Working of Parking Sensor

Academic Year 2021 / 2022 Analogue Analysis and Design (ENG530/P21402) Item 2 CW2/Laboratory Exercise Deadline for submission: Friday 17/05/2022 at 16:00 Submission Instructions: Please submit your report as a Word .doc or Adobe .pdf file on Moodle Instructions for completing Complete all sections and make sure your figures and explanations the assessment: are clear Examiners: Dr Ludo Ausiello Dr. Shamsul Masum Weight: 20% Total marks: 100 marks Part- 1 Summing amplifiers are commonly used to process analog signals. Youll find summing amplifiers in audio mixers. It allows audio experts to combine signals from various channels and reproduce them into a single track. Every single audio input can be configured independently without affecting the output. Application of Summer circuit Summer circuit Out put voltage = -( ) Public transport , such as buses and subways, are available to reduce parking and air pollution, but private vehicles are relatively easy to use. Another way to deal with carbon emissions is to replace all fuel-efficient vehicles with electric ones. In Europe or the United States, the average life expectancy of a car is about 11 years (US), so you can expect it to be a long time before electric cars use up all the fuel they use. Apart from the use of electric vehicles, there are 4, traffic jams demanding free parking, time-consuming and traffic congestion. The solution to this problem may be an empty machine. Self-driving cars are one of four promising technologies that are currently being developed. Companies like Google have already developed prototype cars that support blank mode in some cases. With modern proven automation technology, the next generation of vehicles offers a sensory parking system with sensors and an automatic parking steering system. With the use of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) technology for all vehicles, the safety of all non-motorized vehicles can be increased. Automatic Automotive Vehicles will rely on many technologies such as GPS, sensors, V2V, etc. it takes a few decades to replace existing cars. And, not too far away, the solution may be a supportive decision a system that uses smart parking sensors and technology to get useful parking information so that drivers can make informed decisions about where to go and where to park their car . Residential parking details can be collected using the same sensors and technology; Ultrasonic sensors, magnetometers, and multiagent systems. Smart Parking apps are easily accessible online to improve parking efficiency by providing navigation directions to an empty parking lot. This paper points to a research gap in the intelligent use of parking sensors, technology, and opening applications parking lots. All available smart parking technologies as well applications are not eligible for open parking due to different environmental conditions and high costs. As there are no immediate economic benefits from providing intelligent parking facilities in open parking spaces, costs play an important role in the selection of smart parking technology. The parking management system is one of the smartest options available parking technology can be used to determine the availability figure parking spaces in open parking bays. Machine vision another technology that uses a virtual camera to get Realtime information about parking spaces in open parking spaces to be done in its limited use. The use of visual cameras depends on the laws of the country which needs to be considered in advance. However, there is no ideal technology suitable for the acquisition of parking space. Based on the type of parking space and size, a different combination of intelligent parking technology and sensors can be used for the acquisition of efficient and economical parking spaces. To improve the efficiency of parking, mobility directions should be provided in an empty parking lot. Therefore, to address this challenge further research in the use of in-depth learning and multiagent programs helps to provide Realtime information about parking and directions to the available parking area in an open parking lot. Design and working of parking sensor: The ultrasonic sensor contains 4 PINs: VCC, TRIG, ECHO, and GND. VCC, GND connected to +5V once Power supply GND, while TRIG and ECHO are connected to Digital I / O, 11 and 10 Arduino PINs respectively. 5V Buzzer with driver cycle using BC548 and 1K resistor. In operation, the Ultrasonic sensor is used to measure distance and the Arduino Uno operates as a control unit. the sensor counts the distance, then opens the buzzer. Initially, the ultrasonic sensor transmits acoustic pulses and is accepted pulses shown, Arduino uses the time interval shown and calculates the distance between object and sensors, the microcontroller will open the buzzer, and if the distance is less than 100cms for durability the buzzer is increasing. We can modify the code to increase the buzzer intensity by reducing the distance. Design of parking sensor using arduini: Part-2 We have signal with 100kHz of bandwidth (from 0Hz to 100kHz). We want to filter it and preserve ONLY the audio band. Human hearing goes from 20Hz till 20kHz; How many filters do we need to select such bandwidth correctly? Signal bandwidth is 0 to 100 kHz Audio signal bandwidth human hearing= 20Hz to 20kHz Filter required: 1- High pass filter with cutoff frequency 20Hz 2- Lowpass filter with cutoff frequency 20kHz Second order passive high pass filter : Cutoff frequency = = 20000 Hz For R1= R2+R and C1= C2=C Cutoff frequency = = 20000 Hz R= 1 kohm C= 0.007 uf Multisim Design Bode plot Second order Passive Low pass filter: The circuit above uses two first order low pass filters that are connected or "hidden" together to form a second filter or two pole pole network. We can therefore see that the first order low pass filter can be converted into a second order type by simply adding an additional RC network to it and the additional RC sections we add to the top become a filter sequence. If the number (n) of such RC segments is grouped together, the resulting RC filter cycle will be known as an nthorder filter with a rolloff slope n x 20dB / decade. So for example, a secondorder filter can have a slope of 40dB / decade (12dB / octave), a fourorder filter can have a slope of 80dB / decade (24dB / octave), and so on. This means that, as the filter layout is increased, the rolloff slope becomes larger and the actual filter band response response approaches with its appropriate configuration features. the second filter is important and is widely used in filter design. This is because integrating with the 1st order filter allows you to design a high nth filter. For example, a third-order lowpass filter is made up of a series or cascade connection of low-order orders 1 and 2. Cutoff frequency = = 20 Hz = 20 kHz R1=R2=C1=C2 Cutoff frequency = = 20 Hz C= 7 uf, R= 1 kohm Frequency response of 2nd order low pass filter Multism circuit of low pass filter Bode plot of second order low pass filter Required second order filter Active Filter Filter required: 1- High pass filter with cutoff frequency 20Hz 2- Lowpass filter with cutoff frequency 20kHz First order active low pass filter : Apply KVL = - ( ) - *( = Vout = *( = - * Cutoff frequency = = 20 Hz Output of first order active low pass filter= - * First order active high pass filter: Output of first order active low pass filter= - * Cutoff frequency = = 20 kHz Required second order filter OSCILLATORS: Fig-2 F(s)= At s=0 F(s)=0 At s=infinity F(s)= 0 At medium frequency F(s)= constant Circuit work as band pass filter Cutoff frequency = The generator consists of an RC circuit and two amplifier stages with a feedback circuit. A voltage across the parallel combination of resistors R and C is applied to the input of amplifier 1. The total phase shift of both amplifiers is zero. Fig-3 F(s)= A* A= 1+ At s=0 F(s)= 0 S= infinite F(s)= constant Circuit is high pass filter Cutoff frequency = Economical aspects: Both circuit are economical When the circuit is open, the bridge circuit rotates to the above frequencies. The two transistors produce a standard 360 phase change to provide a fairly adequate response. The wrong response in the circuit provides a constant exit signal. This is achieved by a heat-sensitive tungsten lamp Lp. As the current increases, resistance increases. As the output signal amplitude increases, is currently being produced and incorrect feedback is detected. Because of this, the output will return to the original value. Although, if the output tends to decrease, the reversal action will occur. Simulation of Fig- 2 using multisim : AC response of Fig-2 by multisim: breadboard and real components Why I have choose fig-2 The circuit provides good frequency stability. It provides constant output. The operation of circuit is quite easy. The overall gain is high because of two transistors. The frequency of oscillations can be changed easily. The amplitude stability of the output voltage can be maintained more accurately, by replacing R2 with a thermistor. Last task: Circuit design Output at b Output at a The vertical position control allows you to move the waveform up and down exactly where you want it on the screen. The volts-per-division setting (usually written as volts/div) varies the size of the waveform on the screen. The volts/div setting is a scale factor. If the volts/div setting is 5 volts, then each of the eight vertical divisions represents 5 volts and the entire screen can display 40 volts from bottom to top, assuming a graticule with eight major divisions. If the setting is 0.5 volts/div, the screen can display 4 volts from bottom to top, and so on. The maximum voltage you can display on the screen is the volts/div setting multiplied by the number of vertical divisions. Note that the probe you use, 1X or 10X, also influences the scale factor. You must divide the volts/div scale by the attenuation factor of the probe if the oscilloscope does not do it for you. Often the volts/div scale has either a variable gain or a fine gain control for scaling a displayed signal to a certain number of divisions. Use this control to assist in taking rise time measurements.