Ophthalmology Nurse With Glaucoma

1 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 A REPORT THAT ANALYSES FACTORS INFLEUNCING MOVING UPSTREAM AS AN Ophthalmology Nurse With Glaucoma PATIENTS COURSE - MSc NURSING COHORT – MODULE NAME - NURSING AND PUBLIC HEALTH MODULE CODE – 7004CPD STUDENT ID - WORD COUNT – 2,7 21 Academic writing exercise Assignment example This is an example assignment submitted by a student in a previo us cohort for you to review and to use as an academic writing learning exer cise . It is not to be cop ied. It was submitted through Turnitin and so any work that you submit that is similar or copied f rom it will be identified in the similarity report generated. Remember , the assignme nt you submit needs to be your own original work . The as signment received a pas s mark but has flaws . It is suggested that as you read through the as signment you reflect , and make notes , on its areas of strength and areas for development . The questions , following each section , are for guidance only .  Report title : Does the title clea rly communicate what the report is abou t? Does it reflect the assignment ta sk? How might the title of the r eport be im proved ? TABLE OF CONTENTS Cover Page……………………………………………………………………………… ... 1 Table of contents …………………………………………………………………………2 2 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 Abstract........... ...................... ............... ..................................................... ...............3 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………… ..4 Body ……………………………………………………………………………………… .5 Socioeconomic determinants an d gradient with the diagnosis of glaucoma…. .6 Culture as a factor impacting the health of individuals and communities…… ...7 Epidemiology and its use in health needs assessment………………………….8 Collaboration s and community partic ipation to prom ote health……………… …9 Challenges of public health nurses………………………………………………...11 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………….12 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………1 3 References…………………………………………………………………………………14 ABSTRACT Glaucoma is a public health problem which accounts for the second leading cause of irreversible blindness. This report was done to analyse factors influencing moving 3 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 upstream as a pub lic health nurse concerning glaucoma. Recent scientif ic evidence supporti ng, and contrasting findings were used for evaluation and analysis. Moving upstream in public health places more emphasis on socio -economic determ inants of health inequalities. Result s demonstrated that both socioeconomic factors and cu lture impact the hea lth of an individual and communities however, there was no clear evidence on the determinants of culture. Based on the findings, collaborations, implementing policies at governmental levels, employment for all irrespective of socioecono mic status, and crea ting awareness about glaucoma and the need for early detention were recommended. The knowledge and understanding of epidemiology in moving upstrea m was also emphasised and analysed.  Abstract : How informative is the abstract? Does it present objectively the main ideas that are to be presented in the report including its conclusion and a summ ary of the recommendations? How might the abstrac t be improved? 4 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 INTRODUCTION The holistic theory of health is attaining individual wholeness, which is dependent on social, physical, spiritual, and mental factors thereby enabling the i ndividual to utilise their potentia ls in the community (Svalastog et al. 2017). Keleher and MacDougall (2016) describe health as one of the most essential parts of living and it depends on an individual’s idea of the co ncept of health, their experiences, a ge, gender, awareness, and educatio nal level about certain things and their medical history. Binns and Low (2015) described public health as the protection and prevention of diseases, promotion of healthy living of the public, and understanding the princip les of epidemiology whi ch helps in identifying the pattern of the disease and those at risk for it. Fisher et al. (2016) stated that the distribution and utilisation of health services by individuals and communities are greatly influenced by social, politi cal, cultural, and econ omic factors . Moving upstream in public health as a nurse focuses on the social, economic, and political determinants of health and developing policies, laws, and regulations to reduce health pro blems and inequalities in the communi ty (Syrett 2018). In ad dition, movi ng upstream in public health emphasises on understanding the socio -economic determinants of health, implementing policies at a global and government level to improve health and promote regulations for not only improving h ealth but also preventi ng diseases and illness in the communities (Ingleby 2019). For the purpose of this report, the importance of moving upstream as a nurse will be focused on glaucoma patients. Glaucoma is a public h ealth issue that results in irreversi ble blindness when not detected ear ly and the aging of the public will result in an increased burden in the future (Kreft et al. 2019). Liang et al. (2017) also stated that glaucoma is responsible 5 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 for 12.3% of blindness globally and a global prevalence of 64.3million people in 2 013 and will increase in 2020 to 76million emphasising that the people at the most risk are those living in Asia and Africa. This is in line with Tham et al. (2014) who reported a prevalence of 3. 54% of glaucoma for people aged 40 -80 with the highest incid ence of prim ary open angle glaucoma and angle closure glaucoma in Africa and Asia, respectively. In addition, McMonnies (2017) discussed that the risk of having glaucoma increases with age, enviro nmental, socio -economic, and heredita ry factors; also, women are more at risk for Angle closure glaucoma while men are more prone to primary open angle glaucoma. A study conducted by Kyari et al. (2013) believed that Africans are most at risk of having gl aucoma than other ethnic groups in th e world; additionally, another risk of going blind from glaucoma is due to inaccessibility to medical services, poor quality of medical care to individuals, the older generation, genetic and family history and the adher ence of treatment and follow -up plan. This essay aims to ide ntify factor s that may influence moving upstream as an ophthalmology nurse when dealing with glaucoma patients.  Intro duction : To what extent does the introduction ‘set the scene ’ i.e. establish t he report ’s purpose, background and c ontext in relation to pub lic health and nursing ? Does it communicate th e main ideas to be presented in the report? How m ight the in troduction be improved? BODY Is this an appropriate ti tle for this section of the rep ort? It is impossible not to acknowl edge the political aspects when making health regulations as public health is a combination of both polit ics and science and its aim and priority is establishing conditions that promote good healthy living in the 6 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 commun ities; this aim cannot be accomplishe d if the major disparities of health are not understood (Scutchfield and Howard 2011). Socio -economic d eterminants and gradient with the diagnosis of glaucoma Health inequalities are differences in the provision and distribution of healthcare services. Bleich et al. (2012) defined health inequalities as unfairness in health which could be d ue to access to medical services, gender, age, race, educational and environmental status. Researchers have established that low s ocio -economic status, educational and geographical positions increase the possibilities of getting sick, having appropriate tr eatment, accessi bility to healthcare services, and untimely death (Clougherty, Souza, and Cullen 2010). This is in line with Dahlg ren and Whitehead (2007 cited in Gibs on et al. 2011) who explained that determinants of health such as social, economic and en vironmental fac tors influence the prevention and promotion of an individual’s health and that these factors can be intervened at political policy makings and individu al decisions. The knowledge and understanding of these factors enable ophthalmology nurse s to provide hol istic care for diagnosed glaucoma patients and the community at large. Glaucoma has been seen to be more prevalent in Asia and Africa and individuals with low educational background and monthly income were seen to be more susceptible to gla ucoma. Buys, Jin and Canadian Glaucoma Risk Factor Study Group (2013) agree that individuals aged 65 years and older and those loc ated in poor neighbourhoods with litt le or less monthly income were found to be more diagnosed with glaucoma as they could not afford a glauco ma detection exam. In addition, Sung et al. (2017) stated that patients with a pre -existing history of 7 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 glaucoma an d those with low educational backgrou nd were seen to have more visual impairment from having glaucoma as they lacked awareness about early det ection of glaucoma. In order to attain health equity and reduce health inequalities of glaucoma and its social d eterminants, the Marmot review should be considered. He emphasised the need for employment, healthy living, and housing for al l and to strengt hen health prevention measures. Bambra et al. (2011) support this by discussing that the Marmot review is evidence -based and focuses on interventions t o decrease health disparities by identifying policies and strategies at governmental leve ls. Countries, w here health inequalities are recorded to be the highest, health promotion and preventive strategies should be inco rporated into government policies suc h as housing, labour, safety, and education thereby bringing about equity in health (Barr eto 2017). To re duce disparities and improve equity in health, government, Non -governmental organizations should recognise health inequalities and implement regulation s, policies that could reduce social determinants in healthcare. Garthwaite et al. (2016) share similar v iews that the reduction of health inequalities is more effective with policy intervention that supports individual and community efforts. Cultur e as a factor impacting the health of individuals and communities As well as socio -economic fa ctors, culture a lso impacts the health of individuals and communities. Duijster et al. (2018) reported that as well as behavioural and psychological factors, culture a lso determines educational and socioeconomic inequalities in health. However, Mansyur et al. (2009) state d that although there are limited understanding and knowledge about the cultural determinants of health, 8 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 culture a lso births inequalities which could b e direct or indirect relating to the monthly income and economic improvement. In addition , Lorant and Bho pal (2011) claim that other than socio -economic determinants, ethnicity is another important determinant of inequa lity as it is believed that minor eth nicity is associated with low socioeconomic status and varies between different groups. A lso, Anderson an d Olson (2014) identified globalization, culture, and territory as other wide determinants of health that acts on populations rather than individual le vel and that the lack of understanding of the impact of cultural factors leads to non -adh erence of the tr eatment plan, unwillingness to use medical services, feelings of disregard and resentment. Epidemiology and its use in health needs assessment Unders tanding individual health needs and differentiating it from the community is important in public health. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2020) defined health needs as identifying the health priorities of an individual and community and f ocussing on the most important need to achieve equity in the distribution of health servi ces and the effi cient utilization by the population. According to Bradshaw (1972 cited in Carver, Ward, and Talbot 2008), needs ar e expressed in different ways such as felt, expressed, normative and comparative by individuals; while felt needs are an indiv idual’s percepti on of what might be the most important to them at that moment, expressed needs are putting into action a felt need , normative needs are based on a prof essional or expert opinion of what is needed and comparative needs are compared needs to other healthcare providers or services. Furthermore, Chader (2012) claims that the needs felt by most diagnosed glaucoma patients are normative as it requires the know ledge and opinions of a professional 9 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 and these needs were identified as a better understa nding of the cau ses of visual degeneration, the relationship between the severity of glaucoma and age, gender and individuals with low socioeconomic status and possibl e treatments for glaucoma other than the known surgical interventions. The use of epidemiology in identi fying the health needs of individuals and a community is of great importance. Epidemiology is mainly a branch of m edicine that analyses how diseases ar e distributed and identifying effective control and management for it in communities. Wilks (2015) suppor ts that epidemiology focuses on health issues, identification of risk factors of diseases, and how best to control them. The understanding and applicat ion of epidemiology in moving upstream as an ophthalmology nurse with th e prevention and treatment of gla ucoma is important as it gives an insight of individuals who are more susceptible to glaucoma and the best possibl e ways of reducing the risk of irreve rsible blindness. This is in line with Haveman -Nies et al. (2011) who ag ree that epidemiology is the key factor that strengthens public health practice as it functions in identifying the aetiology of diseases, mortality rates, populations most affected and evaluate how successfully implemented health policies and programs impr oves the health of the communitie s. Collaborations and community participation to promote health Health education and health promotion are two i nterchangeable words; health educatio n is about providing information and awareness to populations and indivi duals on skills to accept and pra ctice which identifies measures to prolong life and improve wellbeing whereas health promotion is understanding he alth education and creating policies and strategies to support it (Kumar and Preetha 2012). This is in line w ith Sharma (2016) who discussed t hat health education is a systematic 10 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 combination of personal knowledge which enhances the application of healthy behaviours in individuals and populati ons without coercion while health promotion is applying both knowledge, politics, and organisational assi stance in improving healthy wellbeing of individuals and communities. However, Golden and Earp (2012) reported tha t most health promotion and education al professionals have little knowledge, training, and resources to succe ssfully implement policies. The n urse and other professionals in the department act as a source of educating and creating awareness to individuals and the communities about the importa nce of health promotion and prevention skills as the nurses are usually the first point of contact with p atients and patient relatives. Collaboration with different partners at the governmental level in public health to reduce socio -economic determinants of glaucoma, create awareness about glaucoma, and provide adequate free glaucoma detention centres for t hose at risk is important. Moyer (2013) argued that detention centres for glaucoma is lacking and recommended that early detention helps in reducing th e rate of people who are at risk for glaucoma and visual impairment. Thi s is in line with Nystrom et al. (2018) who shared that to close the gap between clinical practice and scientific research, researchers emphasise o n the need for collaboration and part nership from different stages of healthcare to improve the promotion of health, distribution, and utilisa tion of medical services. In addition, sharing resources, ideas, and talents and efficiently working together to p romote creating awareness for early d etection of glaucoma and reduce the increasing rate of irreversible blin dness of glaucoma in Africa and g lobally leads to better health. Estacio et al. (2017) supports that partnership is known to be more efficient as i t provides holistic steps to attain h ealth equity and promote healthy 11 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 living; also, a partnership is more eff ective with a shared interest and working together towards achieving a common goal thereby putting into practice policies to improve health. Howev er, Hann (2005) stated that for colla boration to be effective and objectives met, partners should assume equa l roles and responsibilities and give up control over another due to adequate resources or knowledge but rather a partner should be appointed to ta ke up a leadership role; also, emphas is should be placed on communication between partners as these factors m akes the partnership more success ful. Also, the participation of the communities in identifying their health needs and involving them in decision m aking is an important factor in reduc ing health inequalities and to improve their health. Singh et al. (2017) identified the need for communit y and individual participation in achieving the proposed public health objectives at an individual, community, and nationwide levels. Challenges of p ublic health nurses The promotion and prevention of the health of the p ublic is the sole responsibility of everyone however, several factors act as difficulties nurses in achieving the objectives of public health. Dahl (2018) reported that lack of underst anding of health inequalities, social determinants, and preventive healt h measures were identified to be a major challenge of public health to nurses as most nurses focus on the physiological aspect of the individuals a nd treat on individual levels rather than community and have no idea of what health prevention and promotion is for individuals and communitie s; also, lack of resources at work to facilitate the effective provision of healthcare services is another challen ge. In addition, Farrelly, Flaherty, and Healy (2019) stated that another challenge of a public health nurse is the lack of 12 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 Information and Te chnology Communications (ICT) which delays accessibility to medical records of individuals and communities, especi ally in rural areas. Furthermore, Ke leher and Parker (2013) argued that the nursing staff is important in pr omoting healthy living however, n urses get inadequate training in schools and graduate into the clinical field unprepared; therefore, nursing progr ams should incorporate health promoti on and prevention courses in student nurses curriculum to increase their knowledge and participation when in the field.  Main bod y of the r eport : How satisfactorily are the module learni ng out comes (1, 2 and 3) dealt with in th is part of th e report? Wou ld you deal with them differently? If so, how? Are rele vant pu blic health/health promotion theoretica l conc epts and pr inciples explained , analysed and eval uated ? To what extent is argument created and accounted for theoret ically ? To what extent is theor y applied to nursing practice and the health iss ue? Doe s this main part of the report remain focused on the assignment task? What improvements wo uld you make to th is part of the report? RECOMMENDATIONS  Create aware ness about the risks of glaucoma and emphasis the need for early detection especially for As ians, Africans, and the older generation who are more susceptible to glauc oma.  More studies should be done to understand the cultural determinants of health.  Intro ducing health education and promotion courses into nurs ing schools’ curriculums to enable nu rses to understand its importance and apply it in clinical practice. 13 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3  Crea ting an environment that is fair to all, low socio -economic, low educational i ndividuals, and those who stay in poor neighbourhoods.  Make early d etection for glaucoma cost -effective for individuals with low monthly income and provide job opportunities to a fford it.  More studies focused on why Asians, Africans, and individuals older than 40 year s are at more risk of having glaucoma.  Providing access to medical services to improve utili sation.  Implement health education and promotion policies at governmental and organisational levels to improve healthy living. Recomm endat ions What comments would you make about the above recommendations? To what exten t are they relevant and realis tic? How might the recommendations be improved ? What recommendations would you make based on what you have read? CONCLUS ION In conclusion, glaucoma is a major burden in public health with about 7 6 million people diagnosed globally. Africans, Asians, the older g eneration, and people with limited or no access to medi cal care services were seen to be more at risk for having glaucoma. Socio -economic determinants were identified to have an impact on th e health equalities of glaucoma patie nts. Collaboration and partne rship were identified to be ways of promoting health ed ucation and promotion. The health needs of glaucoma patien ts were identified to be normative as these are needs identified by a profess ional in relation to improving their health and wellbeing. In addi tion, the need for epidemiology in accessing the health needs of individuals and communities was emphasised there by determining individuals at risk for a particular disease or illness, the o ccurrence of the disease in a geograp hical location, mortality rat e, and possible 14 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 treatments for the disease. The importa nce of adequate communication between partners and for the m to have responsibilities according to their practice, talents, and level of knowledge on the problem when collab orating was analysed. The rep ort achieved its proposed aim of evaluating factors inf luencing moving upstream as a public health nurse. However , the influence of cultural determinants on health is not yet understood and more studies should be done to unders tand this .  Conclusion To wha t extent d oes the conclusion conclude the m ain issues presented in the report ? Does it contain any new informatio n or ideas? Does the conclusion demonstrate that the report has accomplished what it se t out to do? How w ould you improve the conclusion? Word allocation, s truc ture and coherence  Are there areas of the report where the w ord allocation co uld be us ed more p urposefully ? (review the suggested w ord count for each section of the report)  Do se nte nces and paragraphs clearly convey meaning? Does the report make sense? Do ideas and argument flow logically? Would you make any i mprovements to the structu re of the repor t, its coherence and use of the word a llocation ? Critical analysis  To what exten t does the report demonstrate critica l thinking in terms of : o analysis - detailed examination of something e.g. concept s of hea lth o synthesis - combining or mixing together ideas to make a whole that is differ ent or new e.g. a new theory of he alth o evaluation - making a judgement Remem ber, critic al analysis does not mean ‘fin ding fault ’ but rather involves a thoughtful examination and eva luation, for example, of an idea /s, defi nition, or an author ’s view o r perspe ctive Highl ight area s in the assignment where critical analysis could be improved. In text r eferencing  To what extent d oes the report demonstrate depth and breadth of reading and engage ment with, and the use of, lite rature , to dev elop ideas and argument ?  Are all claims, assertions and statements suppor ted by a literary source?  Ar e refere nces cited accurately both in the text and in the reference list? Highlight the ar eas where you think a referenc e is lacking and should be provided. 15 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 Refere nce list  Re write the referen ces , in the refere nce list below , in the CU APA style of referenc ing . REFERENCES Ande rson, K. M. (2014) Leveraging Culture to Address Health Inequalities: Examples from Native Communities: Workshop Summary [online] : Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press Bambra, C., Smith, K. E ., Garthwaite, K., Joyce, K. E., and Hunter, D. J. (2011) 'A Labour of Sisyphus? Public Policy and Health I nequalities Research from the Black and Acheson Reports to the M armot Review' . Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 65 (5), 399 -406 Barreto, M. L. (2017) 'Health Inequalities: A Gl obal Perspective' . Ci encia & Saude Coletiva 22, 2097 -2108 Binns, C. and Low, W. (2015) 'What is Public Health?' . Asia -Pacific Journal of Public Health 27 (1), 5 -6 Bleich, S. N., Jarlenski, M. P., Bell, C. N., and LaVeis t, T. A. (2012) 'Health Inequalities: Trends, Progress, an d Policy' . Annual Review of Public Health 33, 7-40 Buys, Y. M., Jin, Y., and Canadian Glaucoma Risk Factor Study Group (2013) 'Socioeconomic Status as a Risk Factor for Late Presentation of Glaucoma in Canada' . Canadian Journal of Opht halmology 48 (2), 83 -87 Carver, N. A., Ward, B. M., and Talbot, L. A . (2008) 'Using Bradshaw's Taxonomy of Needs: Listening to Women i n Planning Pregnancy Care.(Report)' . Contemporary Nurse 30 (1), 76 Chader, G. J. (201 2) 'Key Needs and Opportunities for T reating Glaucoma' . In vestigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science 53 ( 5), 2456 -2460 Clougherty, J. E., Souza, K., and Cullen, M. R. (201 0) 'Work and its Role in Shaping the Social Gradient in Health' . Annals of the New Yo rk Academy of Sciences 1186, 102 Dahl , B. M. (2018) 'Chall enges and Demands in the Population -Based Work of Public Health Nurses' . Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 46 (20_suppl), 53 - 58 Duijster, D., Oude Groeniger, J., Van Der Heijden, Geert JMG, and van Lenthe, F. J. (2018) 'Material, B ehavioural, Cultural and Psychosocial Factors in the Explanation of Socioeconomic Inequalities in Oral Health' . The European Journal o f Public Health 28 (4), 590 -597 Estacio, E. V., Oliver, M., Downing, B., Kurth, J., a nd Protheroe, J. (2017) 'Effective Pa rtnership in Communit y-Based Health Promotion: Lessons from the Heal th 16 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 Literacy Partnership' . International Journal of Environmental R esearch and Public Health 14 (12), 1550 Farrelly, T., Flaherty, S., and Healy, H. (20 19) 'The Challenges to Public Health Nurse Practice in Rur al Ireland' . Public Health Nursing 36 (3), 341 -347 Fisher, M., Baum, F. E., Macdougall, C., Newman, L., and McDer mott, D. (2016) 'To what Extent do Australian Health Policy Documents Address Social Determinants of Health and Health Equ ity?(Author Abstract) ' 45 (3), 545 Garthwaite, K., Smith, K. E., Bam bra, C., and Pearce, J. (2016) 'Desperately Seeking Reductions in Health Inequalities: Perspectives of UK Researchers on Past, Present and Future Direc tions in Health Inequalities Research '. Sociology of Healt h & Illness 38 (3), 459 -478 Gibson, M., Petticr ew, M., Bambra, C., Sowden, A. J., Wright, K. E., and Whitehead, M. (2011) 'Housing and Health Inequalities: A Synthesis of Systematic Reviews of Inter ventions Aimed at Different Pathways Linking Housing and H ealth' . Health & Place 17 (1), 175 -184 Golden, S. D. and Earp, J. A. L. (2012) 'Social Ecological Approaches to I ndividuals and their Contexts: Twenty Years of Health Education & Behavior Health Pro motion Interventions' . Health Educati on & Behavior 39 (3), 364 -372 Hann, N. E. (2005) Transforming Public Health through Community Partnerships [online] Haveman -Nies, A., Jansen, S. C., van Oers, J., and van‘t Veer, P. (2011) 'Epidemiology in Public Health Practice' . Am J Epidemiol 174 (7), 8 71 -872 Ingleby, D. (2 019) 'Moving Upstream: Changing Policy Scripts on Migrant and Ethnic Minority Health' . Health Policy 123 (9), 809 -817 Keleher, H. and MacDougall, C. (2016) 'Concepts of Health' . Understanding Health , 4th Edn, Oxford University Press, S outh Melbourne Kelehe r, H. and Parker, R. (2013) 'Health Promotion b y Primary Care Nurses in Australian General Practice' . Collegian 20 (4), 215 -221 Kreft, D., Doblhammer, G., Guthoff, R. F., and Frech, S. (2019) 'Preva lence, Incidence, and Risk Factors of Primary Open -Angle G laucoma -a Cohort Study Based on Longitudinal Da ta from a German Public Health Insurance' . BMC Public Health 19 (1 ), 851 Kumar, S. and Preetha, G. S. (2012) 'Health Promotion: An Effective Tool for G lobal Health' . Indian Journal of Comm unity Medicine: Offic ial Publication of Indian Association of Preven tive & Social Medicine 37 (1), 5 Kyari, F., Abdull, M. M., Bastawr ous, A., Gilbert, C. E., and Faal, H. (2013) 'Epidemiology of Glaucoma in Sub -Saharan Africa: Prevalence, Incidence and Ri sk Factors' . Middle E ast African Journal of Ophthalmology 20 (2), 11 1 Liang, Y. B., Zhang, Y., Musch, D. C., and Congdon, N. (2017) 'P roposing New Indicators for Glaucoma Healthcare Service' . Eye and Vision 4 (1), 6 17 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3 Lor ant, V. and Bhopal, R. S. (2011) 'Eth nicity, Socio -Economi c Status and Health Research: Insights from and Implications of Charles Tilly's Theory of Durable Inequality' . Jo urnal of Epidemiology & Community Health 65 (8), 671 -675 Mansyur, C. L., Amick III, B . C., Harrist, R. B., Franzini, L., a nd Roberts, R. E. (20 09) 'The Cultural Production of Health Inequ alities: A Cross -Sectional, Multilevel Examination of 52 Countries' . International Journal of Health Services 39 (2), 301 -319 McMonnies, C. W. (2017) 'Gla ucoma History and Risk Factors' . Jour nal of Optometry 10 ( 2), 71 -78 Moyer, V. A. (2013) 'Screening for Glaucoma: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement '. Annals of Internal Medicine 159 (7), 484 -489 National Institute for Health and Car e Excellence (2020) Glossary [online ] available from < https://www.nice.org.uk/glossary?letter=h > [13 April 2020] Nyström, M. E., Karltun, J., Keller, C., and Gäre, B. A. (2018) 'Collabo rative and Partnership Research for I mprovement of Health and Social Services: Researche r’s Experiences from 20 Projects' . Health Research Policy and Systems 16 (1), 46 Sc utchfield, F. D. and Howard, A. F. (2011) 'Moving on Upstream: The Role of Health Dep artments in Addressing Socioecologic Determinants of Disea se' . American Journal of Preve ntive Medicine 40 (1), S80 -S83 Sharma, M. (2016) Theoretical Foundations of Health Education and Health Promotion [online] : Jones & Bartlett Publishers Singh, S. R., S rivastava, A., Haldane, V., Chuah, F. , Koh, G., Seng Chia, K., and Legido -Quigley, H. (2 017) 'Community Participation in Health Services Development: A Systematic Review o n outcomesShweta Rajkumar Singh' . European Journal of Public Health 27 (suppl_3) Sung , H., Shin, H. H., Baek, Y., Kim, G. A., Koh, J. S., Park, E., and Shin, J. (2017) 'The Association between Socioeconomic Status and Visual Impairments among Primary Glauc oma: The Results from Nationwide Korean National Health Insurance Cohort from 2004 to 2013' . BMC Ophthalmology 17 (1), 153 Svalastog, A. L., Do nev, D., Kristoffersen, N. J., and Gajović, S. (2017) 'Concepts and Definitions of Health and Health -Related Valu es in the Knowledge Landscapes of the Digital Society' . Croatian Medical Journal 58 ( 6), 431 Syrett, K. (2018) 'Doing ‘Ups tream’Priority -Settin g for Global Health with Justi ce: Moving from Vision to Practice?' . Public Health Ethics 11 (3), 265 -274 Tham, Y. , Li, X., Wong, T. Y., Quigley, H. A., Aung, T., and Cheng, C. (2014) 'Global Prevale nce of Glaucoma and Projections of Gl aucoma Burden through 2040: A Systematic Review and Meta -Analysis' . Ophthalmology 121 (11), 2081 -2090 Wilks, R. J. (2015) 'Epidemiolog y is an Important Contributor to Clinical and Public Health Practice in the Caribbean' . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 68 (9), 1101 18 | 9 0 0 3 2 9 3