200 Word Essay

Introduction

Men`s violence that is directed to women is one of the main public health issues globally. Violence against women has transformed over the past four centuries from being a private affair that is rarely spoken off to an extent where issues of violence against women are discussed openly. According to the United Nations ,violence against women is defined as any act violence that is based upon the gender of an individual  and is likely to result to physical , sexual or mental harm or suffering of a woman (Women, U. N. 2015).Violence against women also involves being threatened, coerced or being denied liberty or basic rights either privately or publicly. WHO indicates that more than 34% of women worldwide have experienced some form of violence (World Health Organization, 2012). Violence against women is mostly caused by intimate partners or is usually sexually based. According to a survey conducted in the year 2013 by WHO through the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in collaboration with the Medical Research Council of South Africa found out that in every three women, one experiences either physical or sexual violence from their partners(Women, U. N. 2015). This paper therefore seeks to establish why decision making on health matters should be made based on critical economic thinking and analysis. Additionally, the paper also discusses ways in which social factors contribute to violence against women and how this can be solved through social-economic programs.

According to a special report of Human Rights Commission for violence against women, major strides have been made in the fight to end violence against women (Whitehead et al, 2016). Despite these efforts, mot much has changed and very few women have benefited from these campaigns. The strides have mainly been achieved in countries and areas where women are financially independent. In families and regions where poverty levels of high, a lot needs to be done in order to eradicate gender based violence.Poverty/income inequality is a major  economic factor which is attributed to violence against women. Women represent more than 70% of the people living in poverty worldwide (Dalal, 2011). This means that most women cannot afford their basic needs. According to the WHO, most women continue to work in harsh conditions where they face endless discrimination. The existing socioeconomic and cultural factors have increased vulnerability of women to violence, sexual exploitation and various injustices. Research indicates that men`s violence against women is higher among countries where there is widespread poverty compared to high income countries. According to the research 23.2% of intimate partners in high-income countries experience violence while women violence in low income countries stands at 37.7% (Levy & Sidel, 2013). Violence against women in countries developing nations is at 25.7%. from the above statistics, it is clear that there is a direct relationship between the level of income and violence on women(Levy & Sidel, 2013, p.g 286). One of the ways in which poverty among women has contributed to them being abused is that some men put women at their mercy economically and hence taking advantage of them.More than 35% of women who report violence depend on men financially. (Rahman, Hoque & Makinoda, 2011) Men take advantage of this situation and they physically abuse women even when small domestic issues arise in the family.

According to (Hughes, Bolis, Fries & Finigan,2015) , many women find that their home is the most dangerous place for them. He explains that this is due to the economic inequality which exists in the society. In today`s society, there are many cases where oppression and discrimination against women is prevailing and women are viewed to be of weaker gender. The society perception on women explains why a man with the same qualifications with a man is more than two times likely to secure a job at the expense of a woman (Hughes et al, 2015).Unemployment among women becomes high and this means that their levels of income are very low.Due to this reason, women end up becoming vulnerable and they get abused. For example, when many women in underdeveloped developed nations find it difficult to secure employment, they end up trying to seek employment in other countries (Jewkes,  Flood & Lang, 2015). The men take advantage of these women`s situation and traffic them to other countries promising to get them jobs elsewhere. Due to poverty and desperation, the women end up getting abused by men as they try to earn a better living(Jewkes et al, 2015). The women are abused both physically and sexually in the hands of men who sometimes end up making them sex slaves. This therefore strengthens the need to economically empower women to solve the public health problem of violence against women.

Poverty also contributes to the violence experienced by women. This is because, women who are poor find themselves working in very harsh and inhumane working conditions (García-Moreno et al, 2015). They work in this situations in order to make ends meet for the sake of their families. As women work in this harsh environment in occupations mostly occupied by men, they may come across men who are abusive towards women.  The women face discrimination due to their gender and they may end up getting physically abused by men(García-Moreno et al, 2015, P.g 117). These men could be sometimes their workmates or their bosses at the workplace.

Research also indicates that poor women are sexually abused by men with a promise of jobs or work-related favors. Other women are coerced by their bosses to engage in sexual acts and failure to accept their advances may lead to them losing their jobs. Additionally, women face high levels of discrimination when it comes to wages. According to DeKeseredy, (2011), there is huge disparity  in income between women working in the same job. A research conducted in US in the year 2018 indicated that most men in the same kind of jobs as women earn more than twice what women in the same positions earn. This discrimination in terms of earning makes women vulnerable to be abused by men.This therefore means that this is a serious public healthcare concern which should be addressed by getting women out of poverty.

Inequalities in terms of education also contribute to the public health problem of violence against women by men. Inequality in education has rendered women vulnerable to violence which is meted to them by men who are either their husbands or other men in the society (Ghosh, 2012) In many developing countries many women are not offered a chance to go to school and get education. This is partly due to culture as well as misconceptions in certain societies. There are many communities where women are not allowed to go to school and this greatly renders them to poverty due to lack of education (Gupta et al, 2015). When women are deprived of education, it denies them a chance for a better livelihood and it means that they will struggle to earn a decent income. Men therefore take advantage of the poor uneducated women and abuse them both physically and sexually.

According to Duflo, (2012), various improvements should be taken into consideration for the income levels of women to be improved  to help minimize cases of violence directed towards women. From the previous research, it has been found that poverty among women has contributed to violence against them. One of the ways in which this economic injustice can be addressed is by advocating education of the girl child. In underdeveloped countries, the difference between educated men and women can be as high as 80% (Ellsberg, et al. 2015). Boys go to school while girls are left to do domestic chores at home. Many girls are also married at an early age and hence they end up losing a chance to get quality education. It is therefore critical to address this social-economic issue in order to reduce poverty and reduce cases of violence against women (Ellsberg et al, 2015.P.g447). A lot of resources need to be allocated to carry out awareness campaigns on the need for education of women.when women get quality education, it em,powers them to become independent and hence they become less vulnerable to violence.

Women can improve their income and avoid poverty by  starting their own businesses. Once women are able to establish alternative means of income apart from their salaries, they become financially independent. By becoming financially independent, it becomes difficult for men to take advantage of their economic situation and lure them into situations which exposes the women to all types of violence(Klugman et al, 2014). A woman who is financially independent is less likely to be trafficked unlike a person who is poor.

It is also critical that discrimination against women at workplace especially in regard to wages is abolished. When women get paid less for the same amount of work as men, there is a likelihood that men will feel superior and this may result to violence against women. Paying the same wages to women as those of men will economically empower women and hence they can be able to support their families even in situations where they decide to leave an abusive marriage (Semahegn & Mengistie, 2015).

Other ways in which the public health problem of men`s violence against women can be solved includes formation of women support groups. The women support groups could be critical in economic empowerment especially in rural areas in underdeveloped countries (True,2012). The women groups should be supported by the government and non-governmental organizations to help the vulnerable women become financially stable (Klugman et al, 2014). Some of the projects which could be carried by the support groups include;group farming activities and starting small businesses. Awareness campaigns should also be carried out to reduce discrimination and violence against women.

Conclusion 

According to the United Nations defines violence against women as any act violence that is based upon the gender of an individual  and is likely to result to physical , sexual or mental harm or suffering of a woman. Violence against women also involves threats, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty either privately or publicly. According to WHO indicates that about 35% of women globally have experienced violence of any form. Violence on women is contributed by a variety of factors. Some of these factors could be cultural, economical or social problems. The paper begins with an analysis of the impact of low levels of income and poverty contributes to violence against women. Research from various researchers shows that women from families and countries which are poor/underdeveloped are more likely to experience violence. The issue of women receiving lesser wages as compared to men and how this contributes to violence against women has been discussed in this report. This report establishes the need of solving the public health issue of violence against women through critical economic thinking and analysis.

References 

Dalal, K. (2011). Does economic empowerment protect women from intimate partner violence?. Journal of injury and violence research, 3(1), 35.

DeKeseredy, W. S. (2011). Feminist contributions to understanding woman abuse: Myths, controversies, and realities. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(4), 297-302.

Duflo, E. (2012). Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic literature, 50(4), 1051-79.

Ellsberg, M., Arango, D. J., Morton, M., Gennari, F., Kiplesund, S., Contreras, M., & Watts, C. (2015). Prevention of violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say?. The Lancet, 385(9977), 1555-1566.

García-Moreno, C., Zimmerman, C., Morris-Gehring, A., Heise, L., Amin, A., Abrahams, N., ... & Watts, C. (2015). Addressing violence against women: a call to action. The Lancet, 385(9978), 1685-1695.

Gupta, J., Falb, K. L., Lehmann, H., Kpebo, D., Xuan, Z., Hossain, M., ... & Annan, J. (2013). Gender norms and economic empowerment intervention to reduce intimate partner violence against women in rural Côte d’Ivoire: a randomized controlled pilot study. BMC international health and human rights, 13(1), 46.

Hughes, C., Bolis, M., Fries, R., & Finigan, S. (2015). Women's economic inequality and domestic violence: exploring the links and empowering women. Gender & Development, 23(2), 279-297.

Jewkes, R., Flood, M., & Lang, J. (2015). From work with men and boys to changes of social norms and reduction of inequities in gender relations: a conceptual shift in prevention of violence against women and girls. The Lancet, 385(9977), 1580-1589.

Klugman, J., Hanmer, L., Twigg, S., Hasan, T., McCleary-Sills, J., & Santamaria, J. (2014). Voice and agency: Empowering women and girls for shared prosperity. The World Bank.

Rahman, M., Hoque, M. A., & Makinoda, S. (2011). Intimate partner violence against women: Is women empowerment a reducing factor? A study from a national Bangladeshi sample. Journal of Family Violence, 26(5), 411-420.

Semahegn, A., & Mengistie, B. (2015). Domestic violence against women and associated factors in Ethiopia; systematic review. Reproductive health, 12(1), 78.

True, J. (2012). The political economy of violence against women. Oxford University Press.

Whitehead, M., Pennington, A., Orton, L., Nayak, S., Petticrew, M., Sowden, A., & White, M. (2016). How could differences in ‘control over destiny’lead to socio-economic inequalities in health? A synthesis of theories and pathways in the living environment. Health & place, 39, 51-61.

Women, U. N. (2015). Progress of the World’ s Women 2015-2016: Transforming Economies, Realizing Rights (No. id: 7688).

World Health Organization. (2012). Understanding and addressing violence against women: Intimate partner violence (No. WHO/RHR/12.36). World Health Organization.

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