The term vertical integration can be defined as a state where the supply chain of a company or business organization owns a supply chain of the company. In most of the cases, each member of the supply chain manufactures various products or services, which tend to serve common purposes, which is just the reverse case of horizontal integration.
Vertical integration can also be described as a managerial technique that not only incorporates huge portions of supply chains under common ownership, but also under a single corporation. It is a useful mode of ridding the problem of hold-up. In a case of practicing monopoly through vertical integration, it is known as a vertical monopoly.
There are three variations of vertical integration, such as backward or upstream vertical integration, downstream or forward vertical integration as well as balanced vertical integration, which is a combination of both forward and backward vertical integration.
Some of the textbooks on vertical integration are as follows:
Example 1:
The most simplified example of vertical integration is the case when a car manufacturing company owns tires, metal or glasses company. By exercising control over these three subsidiaries, the manufacturer can generate stable input supply, ensuring a steady product quality. This was the basic business approach employed by Ford or other similar car manufacturers.
Example 2:
The most primitive and famous example of vertical integration strategy is the business policy of Carnegie Steel Company. The company was dominating the steel mills as well as the iron ores, coal mines, manufacturing as well as transporting the materials to their final destination. Eventually, they went on establishing a reputed institute for providing higher education pertaining to steel processing.
Vertical integration is the level, up to which a company or a firm, owns the upstream suppliers as well as the downstream buyers. Being the reverse case of operation, of horizontal integration, in which many small firms consolidate to handle and enhance the production procedure, and thus the process itself, is hazardous in general, since it includes, manufacturing, transportation and all the aspects of the operation policies of a company.
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