Citizenship and Immigration Law Assignment Essay Help Online

Citizenship and Immigration Law Assignment Essay Help Online

To start our discussion with a sense of irony, it may be noted that as the world is getting globalized, citizenship and immigration laws are getting increasingly stricter. Countries around the world pose a number of difficulties for foreigners to achieve citizenship status, while at the same time restricting the rights and privileges of the immigrants residing within their own geographical knowledge. Let us look at the two closely related concepts of citizenship and immigration before moving on to the various legal provisions surrounding them.

Citizenship and Immigration: Explaining the Concepts

Citizenship

Citizenship refers to a particular legal status of a person within a particular country which bestows that person of certain constitutionally validated rights and duties.

Immigration

Conceptually, it is just the antithesis of citizenship. Immigration is the movement of a person from the country of his citizenship to an alien country, either legally or illegally with the motive to settle, work or marry. Citizenship and immigration laws differ from one country to another. Generally speaking, laws on citizenship and immigration qualifications are tougher in developed countries like USA and UK and lenient in under developed countries.

Laws on Citizenship

Citizenship laws are dependent on the following considerations:

1. Jus Sanguinis

Jus Sanguinis is a legal concept which means ‘citizenship by blood’. If any one of the two parents is a citizen of a country then the person automatically gets the right to become the citizen of that country. This is contrasted with the concept of Jus Soli or citizenship by blood. Today, only France narrowly applies Jus Sanguinis. Most of the nations have a combination of Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis. US applies Jus Sanguinis only with certain riders.   

A child is granted citizenship only if the three conditions are met:

• both parents were US citizens at the time of the child’s birth
• the parents are married
• at least one parent lived in United States prior to the child’s birth.

2. Jus Soli

Jus Soli refers to citizenship by birth. A person bo
in a particular country automatically gains the citizenship of a particular country. This concept originated in common law countries like England where persons bo
in that country were called subjects of the monarch, a concept which predated citizenship.

3. Naturalization

Apart from these two principles, many countries grant citizenship through a process of naturalization. A person can become a citizen of a country if

• he has lived in that country for a certain period of time

• has legal employment in that country or

• has married a citizen of that country.

4. Jus matrimoni

The process of naturalization may be fast tracked if a person marries the citizen of a country. This is called the principle of jus matrimoni.

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Which citizenship principle is better?

Of all the principles described above, a combination of all of them seems to be the best. In fact except for some countries, most of the other countries follow the best of all the principles. The principle of Jus Soli for example, is peculiar since a child bo
of a woman who is staying in a particular country for a temporary period of time gains the citizenship automatically. On the other hand in Jus Sanguinis too, a child who has no link with a particular country is automatically entitled, just because of the parentage. Finally in Jus matrimoni principle too, people may conduct fake marriages in order to gain citizenship rights.

Rights and Duties of Citizen

If a person is a citizen of a country, he or she is naturally entitled to certain rights. A portion of these rights are guaranteed by the constitution of that country itself. As such they are called fundamental rights. In exchange for the enjoyment of fundamental rights, a person has to follow certain duties. These duties are also legally enforceable apart from being ethically obligatory. They are called fundamental duties.

A point of exception may be noted in the case of citizenship behavior by naturalization. US for instance, denies certain rights to a naturalized citizen. A person who is not a natural US citizen may not become the president of that country. The chief fundamental rights for an individual are the following: 

Right to liberty

The right of a person to enjoy all sorts of political and social freedom. This is also a basic human rights recognized by international
 organizations like the UN.

1.Right to due process of law

The right that requires the state to follow all legal principles when it deals with the citizens. This also entails equality before law.

2.Right to freedom of movement

Right of an individual to move freely anywhere within the territorial limits of the state.

3.Right of freedom of religion

Right to practice any religion one wishes to.

4.Right to freedom of expression

The political right to express oneself freely.

5.Right to peaceful assembly

The right to gather together in a group with intentions of disrupting peace.

6.Right to freedom of association

The right to join or leave any organization or an association is called right of freedom of association.

Some important fundamental duties are:

1. To abide by the constitution
2. To show respect to the national flag
3. To render country military service when called upon to do so
4. To safeguard public property
5. To protect natural resources
6. To pay taxes

The abiding of the fundamental duties by citizens distinguishes a good citizen from a bad citizen. There are, however, some grave offences which may lead to the loss of citizenship. They are:

1. Desertion from the army
2. Taking up employment in the gove
   ment services of an enemy country
3. Taking up honorary titles given by foreign gove
   ments.
4. Willingly giving up citizenship
5. Applying for a new citizenship

Dual Citizenship: The concept of dual citizenship is closely related to the last point. While granting of citizenship by a foreign country automatically means the loss of citizenship development of the country of origin, some countries do allow their citizens to hold dual citizenship. Countries like USA, Australia etc have the concept of dual citizenship. However, countries like India, for instance, are strictly against dual citizenship.

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Reasons for Immigration

As we noted before, immigration as a concept refers to the movement of people from the country of origin to an alien country for a variety of reasons including but not limited to the following points. They are often called pull and push factors i.e. to say a particular determinant might work as a pull force from the country of migration while acting as a push factor from the country of origin.

1. Economic prosperity

Many people choose to migrate because of economic reasons. As such, many countries like US for instance forbid people to enter its territory without work permit. In fact a major part of economy for developing countries does depend on remittances from developed countries. The World Bank estimated that the total amount of remittances to developing economies was almost 317 billion dollars in 2012.

2. Marriage

Marriage as a push factor work in those countries which have gender imbalances.

3. Education

America and European countries have better opportunities for higher research in arts and sciences. As such many researchers from the Third World move to these nations.

4. Employment

Another important pull factor for migration. However, in some regions like in Weste
Europe for instance, migration is facilitated by the fact that European Union (EU) citizens can move freely and work without hindrance in any country falling within the EU economic zone.

5. Political issues

like military coups and fall of democratic gove
ments can force immigration as it had happened in Latin American countries.

6. Emergency situations

like war, ethnic conflicts and natural calamities etc work as non-economic push factors from countries of Africa, central Asia and South and Southeast Asia.

Let us have a look at the current immigration scenario across the world before moving on to the legal concepts associated with immigration.

In 2013, the United Nations estimated that 231,522,215 people in the world were immigrants. However, a few interesting riders were also noted:

1. The immigration map of the world clearly shows the migration from less developed to developed nations of the world.
2. United States, parts of Weste
   Europe, parts of South East Asia and East indies showed the highest percentage of migrants.

3. A survey in 2012, showed that given a chance, people would chose United States as their top migration destination followed by Canada, Australia, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia and Spain.

Laws on Immigration

Immigration laws around the world grapple with the following issues:

1. Illegal immigration

Illegal immigration refers to the migration of people from poor to richer countries, in a way that violates the immigration laws of that country. The term has come under scanner from human rights activists who have noted that while the migration of these people may be illegal, the people themselves are not. As such they are entitled to the basic human rights which the citizens enjoy. Illegal migration to developed countries like USA is propelled by a number of factors like, poverty, overpopulation, war, political turmoil etc. Not all illegal immigration cases are voluntary. Some result in prostitution and slavery.

2. Statelessness

A legal concept closely related to migration. It refers to a peculiar situation where there is no link between an individual and the state. A de facto stateless person is someone who is living outside the geographical boundary of the country of origin while a de jure person is someone who has been forsaken by his country of origin and is without the protection of any state.

3. Refugee

A de jure stateless person is also known as refugee. Unlike, economic migration, political factors constitute the major cause for the refugee problem. In the last century, the following political reasons have been responsible for the largest number of mass migrations:

• World War II and the Jewish holocaust
• Israel-Arab Conflict
• The partition of India and the Kashmir problem
• The Taliban menace
• The Syrian crisis

Afghanistan has recorded the highest number of migrations in the world followed by Syria.

4. Prisoner of War

A Prisoner of War (POW) is someone who is either in a combatant or a non-combatant mode and is captured by the enemy power in the end of an armed conflict. Here is the list of warring countries which have produced the highest number of POWs.

• Soviet Union-Nazi Germany in World War II
• Allied powers (France, UK and USA) - Nazi Germany in World War II
• India-Pakistan during the Bangladesh Liberation War
• Iraq-Coalition of Gulf War during the Gulf war.

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