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To start our discussion with a sense of irony, it may be noted that as the world is getting globalized, citizenship and immigration laws are getting increasingly stricter. Countries around the world pose a number of difficulties for foreigners to achieve citizenship status, while at the same time restricting the rights and privileges of the immigrants residing within their own geographical knowledge. Let us look at the two closely related concepts of citizenship and immigration before moving on to the various legal provisions surrounding them.
Citizenship refers to a particular legal status of a person within a particular country which bestows that person of certain constitutionally validated rights and duties.
Conceptually, it is just the antithesis of citizenship. Immigration is the movement of a person from the country of his citizenship to an alien country, either legally or illegally with the motive to settle, work or marry. Citizenship and immigration laws differ from one country to another. Generally speaking, laws on citizenship and immigration qualifications are tougher in developed countries like USA and UK and lenient in under developed countries.
Citizenship laws are dependent on the following considerations:
A child is granted citizenship only if the three conditions are met:
Jus Soli refers to citizenship by birth. A person bo
in a particular country automatically gains the citizenship of a particular country. This concept originated in common law countries like England where persons bo
in that country were called subjects of the monarch, a concept which predated citizenship.
Apart from these two principles, many countries grant citizenship through a process of naturalization. A person can become a citizen of a country if
he has lived in that country for a certain period of time
has legal employment in that country or
has married a citizen of that country.
The process of naturalization may be fast tracked if a person marries the citizen of a country. This is called the principle of jus matrimoni.
Of all the principles described above, a combination of all of them seems to be the best. In fact except for some countries, most of the other countries follow the best of all the principles. The principle of Jus Soli for example, is peculiar since a child bo
of a woman who is staying in a particular country for a temporary period of time gains the citizenship automatically. On the other hand in Jus Sanguinis too, a child who has no link with a particular country is automatically entitled, just because of the parentage. Finally in Jus matrimoni principle too, people may conduct fake marriages in order to gain citizenship rights.
A point of exception may be noted in the case of citizenship by naturalization. US for instance, denies certain rights to a naturalized citizen. A person who is not a natural US citizen may not become the president of that country.
The right of a person to enjoy all sorts of political and social freedom. This is also a basic human rights recognized by inte
ational organizations like the UN.
The right that requires the state to follow all legal principles when it deals with the citizens. This also entails equality before law.
Right of an individual to move freely anywhere within the territorial limits of the state.
Right to practice any religion one wishes to.
The political right to express oneself freely.
The right to gather together in a group with intentions of disrupting peace.
The right to join or leave any organization or an association is called right of freedom of association.
Some important fundamental duties are:
The abiding of the fundamental duties by citizens distinguishes a good citizen from a bad citizen. There are, however, some grave offences which may lead to the loss of citizenship. They are:
Dual Citizenship: The concept of dual citizenship is closely related to the last point. While granting of citizenship by a foreign country automatically means the loss of citizenship of the country of origin, some countries do allow their citizens to hold dual citizenship. Countries like USA, Australia etc have the concept of dual citizenship. However, countries like India, for instance, are strictly against dual citizenship.
As we noted before, immigration as a concept refers to the movement of people from the country of origin to an alien country for a variety of reasons including but not limited to the following points. They are often called pull and push factors i.e. to say a particular determinant might work as a pull force from the country of migration while acting as a push factor from the country of origin.
Many people choose to migrate because of economic reasons. As such, many countries like US for instance forbid people to enter its territory without work permit. In fact a major part of economy for developing countries does depend on remittances from developed countries. The World Bank estimated that the total amount of remittances to developing economies was almost 317 billion dollars in 2012.
Marriage as a push factor work in those countries which have gender imbalances.
America and European countries have better opportunities for higher research in arts and sciences. As such many researchers from the Third World move to these nations.
Another important pull factor for migration. However, in some regions like in Weste
Europe for instance, migration is facilitated by the fact that European Union (EU) citizens can move freely and work without hindrance in any country falling within the EU economic zone.
like military coups and fall of democratic gove
ments can force immigration as it had happened in Latin American countries.
like war, ethnic conflicts and natural calamities etc work as non-economic push factors from countries of Africa, central Asia and South and Southeast Asia.
Let us have a look at the current immigration scenario across the world before moving on to the legal concepts associated with immigration.
In 2013, the United Nations estimated that 231,522,215 people in the world were immigrants. However, a few interesting riders were also noted:
A survey in 2012, showed that given a chance, people would chose United States as their top migration destination followed by Canada, Australia, France, Germany, Saudi Arabia and Spain.
Immigration laws around the world grapple with the following issues:
Illegal immigration refers to the migration of people from poor to richer countries, in a way that violates the immigration laws of that country. The term has come under scanner from human rights activists who have noted that while the migration of these people may be illegal, the people themselves are not. As such they are entitled to the basic human rights which the citizens enjoy. Illegal migration to developed countries like USA is propelled by a number of factors like, poverty, overpopulation, war, political turmoil etc. Not all illegal immigration cases are voluntary. Some result in prostitution and slavery.
A legal concept closely related to migration. It refers to a peculiar situation where there is no link between an individual and the state. A de facto stateless person is someone who is living outside the geographical boundary of the country of origin while a de jure person is someone who has been forsaken by his country of origin and is without the protection of any state.
A de jure stateless person is also known as refugee. Unlike, economic migration, political factors constitute the major cause for the refugee problem. In the last century, the following political reasons have been responsible for the largest number of mass migrations:
Afghanistan has recorded the highest number of migrations in the world followed by Syria.
A Prisoner of War (POW) is someone who is either in a combatant or a non-combatant mode and is captured by the enemy power in the end of an armed conflict. Here is the list of warring countries which have produced the highest number of POWs.
Students of law often face a number of challenges while preparing their citizenship and immigration law assignments. Here is a list of issues:
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