Anthropocentrism: This ethical framework posits that the natural world exists primarily for the benefit of human beings. Anthropocentrism is often criticized for failing to take into account the intrinsic value of non-human beings and the natural environment.
Biocentrism: This ethical framework posits that all living beings have inherent value, and that human beings have a moral responsibility to protect and preserve the natural world for the sake of all living beings. This ethical approach consider the interest and well-being of non-human living entities as moral subjects.
Ecocentrism: This ethical framework posits that the natural world has intrinsic value, and that human beings have a moral responsibility to protect and preserve the natural environment for its own sake. This approach considers ecosystems and nature as moral subjects and as whole systems.