In Each Reaction Box, Place The Best Reagent And Conditions From The List Below. Benzene

In Each Reaction Box, Place The Best Reagent And Conditions From The List Below. Benzene

Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid that is widely used in the chemical industry as a solvent, fuel, and starting material for many organic compounds. It is an important building block for many organic chemicals such as plastics, resins, and synthetic fibers. Benzene is also used as an additive in gasoline and other fuels.

When working with benzene, it is essential to choose the appropriate reagents and conditions to ensure that the reaction proceeds smoothly and yields the desired product. Below are some of the best reagents and conditions for working with benzene.

Nitration: 

Nitration is a process in which a nitro group (-NO2) is introduced into a molecule. Nitration of benzene is a classic example of electrophilic aromatic substitution. The most commonly used reagent for this reaction is a mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid. The reaction is carried out under acidic conditions and the temperature is maintained between 0-5°C to prevent the formation of unwanted byproducts. The reaction yields nitrobenzene, which is an important intermediate for the production of many organic compounds.

Friedel-Crafts Acylation:

Friedel-Crafts acylation is another important reaction that is used to introduce an acyl group (-COCH3) into an aromatic ring. The most commonly used reagent for this reaction is acetyl chloride. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature or slightly above, and yields acetophenone, which is an important intermediate for the synthesis of many pharmaceuticals and fragrances.

Friedel-Crafts Alkylation:

Friedel-Crafts alkylation is a reaction that is used to introduce an alkyl group (-R) into an aromatic ring. The most commonly used reagent for this reaction is an alkyl halide such as tert-butyl chloride. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum chloride. The reaction is exothermic, and care must be taken to control the temperature to prevent unwanted byproducts. The reaction yields a variety of alkylbenzenes, which are important starting materials for many organic compounds.

Reduction:

Reduction is a process in which a functional group is reduced to a lower oxidation state. The most commonly used reagent for the reduction of benzene is hydrogen gas in the presence of a metal catalyst such as platinum or palladium. The reaction proceeds under high pressure and temperature, and yields cyclohexane, which is an important starting material for many organic compounds.

Halogenation:

Halogenation is a process in which a halogen atom (-Cl, -Br, -I) is introduced into a molecule. The most commonly used reagent for halogenation of benzene is a halogen gas such as chlorine or bromine. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as iron(III) chloride. The reaction is highly exothermic, and care must be taken to control the temperature to prevent unwanted byproducts. The reaction yields a variety of halobenzenes, which are important starting materials for many organic compounds.

Sulfonation:

Sulfonation is a process in which a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) is introduced into a molecule. The most commonly used reagent for sulfonation of benzene is concentrated sulfuric acid. The reaction is highly exothermic and must be carried out under controlled conditions to prevent unwanted byproducts. The reaction yields benzenesulfonic acid, which is an important intermediate for the production of many organic compounds.