Give The Site And End Products Of Glycolysis Of All The Respiratory Pathways

Glycolysis is a universal metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in the cellular respiration of all organisms. The end products of glycolysis are two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of NADH. The fate of these products depends on the type of respiratory pathway that follows glycolysis.

There are three types of respiratory pathways: aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation.

In aerobic respiration, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria where it enters the TCA cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). In the TCA cycle, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, which enters a series of enzymatic reactions that ultimately produce ATP, CO2, and water. The end products of aerobic respiration are 36-38 molecules of ATP, CO2, and water.

In anaerobic respiration, pyruvate is converted into different end products depending on the organism. In some organisms, pyruvate is converted to lactate, while in others, it is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The end products of anaerobic respiration are fewer ATP molecules (2-36) compared to aerobic respiration, and the end products vary depending on the organism.

In fermentation, pyruvate is converted to different end products depending on the type of fermentation. For example, in lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate, while in alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide. The end products of fermentation are fewer ATP molecules (2), and the end products vary depending on the type of fermentation.

The end products of glycolysis are the same in all respiratory pathways, regardless of whether it's aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. The end products of glycolysis are:

1. Two molecules of pyruvate
2. Two molecules of ATP
3. Two molecules of NADH

However, the fate of these end products differs depending on the type of respiratory pathway. Here's a breakdown of the different respiratory pathways and their end products:

1. Aerobic Respiration In aerobic respiration, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is transported into the mitochondria and enters the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle). The end products of the citric acid cycle are:

• Six molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Two molecules of ATP
• Eight molecules of NADH
• Two molecules of FADH2

The NADH and FADH2 produced during the citric acid cycle go on to participate in oxidative phosphorylation, which generates most of the ATP produced in aerobic respiration. The end products of aerobic respiration are:

• 36-38 molecules of ATP
• CO2
• Water (H2O)

2. Anaerobic Respiration In anaerobic respiration, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to different end products depending on the organism. For example:

• In some bacteria, pyruvate is converted to lactate.
• In yeast, pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

The end products of anaerobic respiration are:

• Fewer ATP molecules (2-36) compared to aerobic respiration.
• The end products vary depending on the organism.

3. Fermentation In fermentation, pyruvate produced by glycolysis is converted to different end products depending on the type of fermentation. For example:

• In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate is converted to lactate.
• In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide.

The end products of fermentation are:

• Fewer ATP molecules (2) compared to aerobic respiration.
• The end products vary depending on the type of fermentation.