The Significance of Social Determinants of Health and Bio-Psycho-Social Approaches in Nursing Care

Nursing 1 Nursing 2 Nursing 1301 Student Details Nursing 3 Contents Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 4 Social Determinants of Health ................................ ................................ ................... 4 Impact of Social determinants on Health ................................ ................................ ... 5 PCC and Health Beliefs ................................ ................................ ............................. 6 Nursing care approaches ................................ ................................ ............................ 6 Bio -psycho social determinants of the health ................................ ............................ 7 Literature Review that underpins the compassionate PCC (Person centered care) and decision ma king ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 9 Holistic models of Health ................................ ................................ ........................ 11 Delivery of Nursing care approaches across different sectors ................................ . 12 Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 12 References ................................ ................................ ................................ ................ 14 Nursing 4 Introduction In this report, the significance is to be drawn on the healthy and social determ i- nants and all the factors which were mentioned in the case study of “The most u n- fortunate Smith Family” which includes the discussion about David and his whole family of four members (Cowley et.al., 2016 ). Social determinants of health are the factors which will directly influence the health which includes the condition of e n- vironment where the people born, live and learn, work and play and somehow it will affect or influence the quality of life and functioning of the body (Adler et.al., 2016 ). In this report, social determinants o f health were linked with the beliefs of bio -psychosocial determinants of health with a deep understanding about the health conditions, patient care -centred and nursing approaches (Cantor and Thorpe , 2018 ). Moving on, various evident approaches were used i n the context with peer - reviewed journal articles which helps in reflecting the domains of all the health models with the inclusion of the health care models with the determinants and the conditions described in the case study of David (Kazmi , 2020 ). At la st, the impacts of healthy beliefs and Patient care -centred approaches with the recognition of its impact on the planning and delivery of the health care settings in different ways (Bennekou , 2019 ). Social Determinants of Health Social determinants are the conditions that include the factors of environment where the people born, live, work and perform that made a huge influence on the body and health status of an individual and a group of individuals while creating differences in health (Castrucci and Au erbach, 2019 ). Accordingly, social determ i- nants are the system that shaped the conditions of the daily life of the people which includes economic policies, and systems development, norms and policy is society and other political system which are made by th e government in order to influence Nursing 5 the health inequalities such as unfair and avoidable differences and health status within the countries (Donkin et.al., 2018 ).Some of the major social determinants of health may impact the individuals in both ways positiv e as well as negative (Wi l- son et.al., 2017 ). There are some factors which are considered in the area of social determinants, in which the income is the most important factor that will impact the lives of the individual in many ways. Here in the case study of the David, income is one of the best social determinants of health that can even improve the health of a person and at the same time it can worsen the situation of the person (Li et.al., 2017 ). Moving ahead, Education, unemployment, poverty, food insecu rity, social and financial support inclusion and early childhood development and housing amenities and safety procedures are the factors that included in the category of the Social determinants of health that may impact the person in several ways (Garg et. al., 2016 ). Impact of Social determinants on Health As per the scenario of Unfortunate smith family, there are some facts which cannot be denied that due to lack of income and basic needs which are necessary for every individual to survive and to improve their standard of living (Thornton et.al., 2016 ). This implies that social determinants plays a major role in everyone's life by improving or enhancing their quality of living in an effective way and to stay fit and healthy to perform the day to day activities in a well established manner as per the convenience. A growing appreciation of powerful impact of social determinants in the context of health particularly place a toxic impact on the poverty related to health (Mou et.al., 2016 ). With the eviden ce of a growing divide in society is one of the biggest evidence that gap has been expended between the rich and poor due to lack of income and buying power or in other words it can be said as affordability (Alderwick and Gottlieb, 2019 ). Similarly, health beliefs are what people believe Nursing 6 and what their opinions towards their health are and what they consider the cause of their illness and what can be the ways to overcome the illness in an effective ways (James and Holloway , 2020 ). PCC and Health Beliefs As Social determinants of health left a huge impact on Health beliefs of the people by way of affecting their behaviour, attitude and different aspects of living such as according to the case study of David, it has been seen that David was facing some panic issues, depression and lack of sleep, anxiety and started shouting on his Wife Susan in relation to any small issues arises in their house (Wennerstrom et.al., 2018 ). Moving ahead, Patient centred care is a part of care which has been done by an individual patient care while focusing on the patient rights and beliefs and va l- ues of an individual while acting towards each other in a respectful manner (Box, 2018 ). According to the scenario, there are certain things which demonstrate the impact of Social determ inants on PCC, such as all the four members of the house were being impacted of their PCC in their own way by ignoring their health and focusing more on their daily routine activities (Singu et.al., 2020 ). Nursing care approaches Nursing care approaches are the strategies used to focus on the individual needs, desires and goals in order to make the patient themselves to become central to care and nursing processes (Dowell et.al., 2020 ). In order words, it can be said that pu t- ting the personal needs and ri ghts of the patients above and less focus on the pr e- scribed goals and techniques influenced by the health care professionals (Hag , 2019 ). So this implies that there are certain approaches which are adopted in a nursing way that can impact the life of the p atient (Shokouh et.al., 2017 ). For i n- stance, David is a kind of person who don’t want to believe that he is suffering Nursing 7 from depression and other anxiety issues by making his goals and opinions as their priority by denying the fact (Kasthurirathne et.al., 20 18 ). Bio -psycho social determinants of the health Psychological determinants are the factors which includes the systematic approach of the arrangement of the biological, psychological and social factors which helps in the complex interaction of the peopl e in order to understand the health, illness and care delivery of the health care patients (Chang, 2019 ). Accordingly, bio - psycho social determinants include three characteristics that is biological factors such as genes, behavioral factors such as lifestyle, attitude, stress and health beliefs of and individual and social conditions include the cultural influences, family, rel a- tion ship and family support which is the main characteristic of being involved with the bio -pyschosocial determinants of he alth (Chen et.al., 2020 ). For instance, in the case study of unfortunate smith family, it has been seen that all these three factors play a major role while impacting the lives of not only David, but also S u- san, Steph and Adam ( Barnes et.al., 2020 ). All th e members of the Smith family has been impacted in different ways such as the life of David has been impacted because of living with the low income and has no money to repair the house and this is the reason he started living with depression and started dr inking and smo k- ing more from last few days like 25 to 30 cigarettes each day ( Bernard, 2018 ). This implies that his behavior towards their family because of not able to do anything for the survival of the family ( Veer et.al., 2019 ). Susan is working as a p art time job as a cleaner in the local university with the main aim of earn for their family, even if he is suffering from the pain of Arthritis but not able to take a leave because of having low earning for a family ( Seligman et.al., 2018 ). So, there are some e x- amples of psycho social factors such as loneliness, social support, social disruption Nursing 8 and bereavement and social integration, etc. which may help the primary care do c- tors to understand the exact issues and problems faced by their patients with their interaction among the different biological and psycho social components of the illness in order to improve their health condition with the well -being and the d e- stroyed relationship among the clinicians and their patients with the help of the adoption of the multidisciplinary approaches while giving treatment to the patients (Butkus et.al., 2020 ). As there are certain things which should be kept in mind while analyzing the ps y- cho -social factors of the smith family that it also impacts or influence the pai n b e- cause sometimes the biopsychosocial models of pain will take into account regar d- ing the complex interactions among the biological and pyschosocial factors of an individual ( Gagliardi et.al., 2019 ). Similarly, as per the scenario of Smith family, all th e four members of the family are suffering various disease and other compl i- cations as in Susan is suffering from the pain of arthritis and sometimes it becomes frustrating or irritating for her to manage the work and home at the same time, as the body’s na tural pain -killing compounds will combine with mood and pain co p- ing ( Delane y, 2018 ). Moving on, psychosocial factors play a major role for the development of an ind i- vidual who is suffering from the chronic low back pain, here Susan is suffering from the ba ck pain which reflects that psychosocial factors are the best ways to subsequent the recovery of the individuals from the suffering of any kind of chro n- ic pain ( Meddings et.al., 2017 ). As there are certain approaches and research met h- ods which must be adop ted for the qualitative research design for the collection and analysis of the grounded approach ( Ramlakhan et.al., 2019 ). Physiotherapists show the basic knowledge of the psychosocial models comprising the partially recognition of the emotional, social an d cognitive factors towards the contribution Nursing 9 of the individual patient’s pain and disability ( Hower et.al., 2019 ). Biopsychosocial factors can link with the health beliefs in many ways because b e- liefs made by each and every person has their own opinions r egarding their own health, particularly the feeling of efficacy will encourage the individual’s ability towards the certain types of behavior and there are certain things which is the most important part to link the criteria of health beliefs with the Biop sychosocial factors of an individual and here it links with the case study of the unfortunate smith fam i- ly ( Gagliardi et.al., 2019 ). Human behavior plays a very critical role in defining the health position and status of the individual with the main aim of maintenance of health and prevention from the diseases ( Zhao et.al., 2020 ). As it determines that there are certain factors including political, economic, behavioral and most i m- portantly the psychographic factors that will directly contributes to the heal th, health behaviors and sometimes the disabilities or disparities among the males across the life span cycle ( Lowry et.al., 2019 ). And it has been ascertained from the reports and studies that the generational effects are more common among the men and boys across the life course due to the existing relationships between the health related and self related characteristic of an individual towards each other ( Hussey et.al., 2016 ). Literature Review that underpins the compassionate PCC (Person centered care) and decision making There is a link between the Person -centered care and compassion because they both will interrelate to each other by focusing on the approach on how does the health care providers and health care professionals will relate the peopl e who are in need of the health care facilities and other health care facilities were significant to Nursing 10 the lives of the people and their colleagues in respect to the other health care pr o- viders ( Ramadhani et.al. , 2018 ). The concept of Person centered care in the context of nursing has been firstly developed by the McCormack & McCance in order to build the interpersonal relationships among each other ( Yidana et.al., 2019 ). The major concepts of person centered care has been highlighted by the values of ca r- ing, mutual respect and understanding of the health care providers towards the i n- dividual rights which has came across due to the concept of self -determination (Doherty and Thompson, 2014 ). According to the views of Famke Van, it has been said that compassion is the form of interpersonal phenomenon which creates the awareness among the sufferings in different categories of the another coupled with the wish to take a relieve from it ( Smith and Williams, 2016 ). As it is a type of Framework which creates the awar eness among the people a c- cording to the opinions of McCance in relation to the care and different range of activities are made by the health care providers with the context of beliefs, values and engagement of the different shared decision with the providi ng of the holistic care ( Sugaya et.al., 2019 ). From the views of Angie, Person centered care is the type of practice which emphasize the importance of the supportive care and su p- portive environment categories with the specific perquisites of the different profe s- sional, interpersonal and interpersonal care with the strong leadership qualities if the person centered care and compassion with the flourishing aspects health care sectors and their influence on the individuals ( Syed et.al., 2020 ). Moving ahead, in volvement of transformation process with the equal correspondence within the development of the different health care practices is considered as one of the cha l- lenging task in respect to the required skills and well -known practices of the same field ( Tauke ni , 2019 ). As there are certain things which has been stated by Dr. Nahid that if the individual Nursing 11 is involved with the person centered care then it becomes easy for them to convert their ideas into actions which may help the people in further with the buil ding of their personality and care towards their health and well -being ( Ahmad, 2014 ). It is defined as the evidence based approach that there can be a shared decision making which is a kind of the collaborative processes by way of personal health care and supporting care facilities which has been assured by the health care professionals in the manner of treating the patient with the help of the right decision making pr o- cess ( Lowry et.al., 2019 ). When it comes to the case study of the unfortunate smith famil y, then it has become more clear that every individual is engaged with their own perspective of the individual decision which enables the self -management and support of the people that are being suffering from the long -term conditions in o r- der to manage th e health and well -being of each and every individual of the smith family to come in the category of supporting and collaborative relationships among the patients and the health care professionals ( Parish , 2015 ). Holistic models of Health Holistic models o f health are the type of models which totally comprises of the ca r- ing of the people with the main aim of building the various factors of the health of an individual such as physical, mental, spirituals and emotional needs and most importantly it includes t he social needs of the society if the people are suffering from the disparities and deformities ( Gilioli et.al., 2019 ). According to the scenario of the unfortunate smith family it has been comprised that Susan is the one who is concerned for each and every member of the family with her care and financial support towards the family ( Sebert et.al., 2019 ). So, it has been rooted that all these understandable aspects of the human nature will affect the overall health of the people and most of the time bein g unwell is one of the aspects of it ( Nicholson , 2020 ). Nursing 12 Delivery of Nursing care approaches across different sectors Adoption of the nursing care approaches are the most important part of the trea t- ment which may help in while treating the patients as per the convenience of the patients ( Taukeni , 2019 ). Nursing care approaches are divided into the various parts one the basis of the condition of the patient ( Koivist o, 2018 ). Types of nur s- ing care approaches include the primary nursing interventions, secondar y care nursing intervention and total patient care ( Jacobs et.al., 2016 ). And these types of nursing approaches will affect the different sectors, such as one of the major factor that has been impacted the most because of the adoption of the nursing approa ches is the emotional and mental heath of the people ( Syed et.al., 2020 ). As different kinds of interventions were used by the nurses and health care professionals and it becomes difficult for them to handle the people with the different kind of opinions and this can be impact the mindset and way of thinking with the different kinds of opinions about each other and towards their health and well -being ( SUN I et.al., 2017 ). Moving ahead, there is another sector which has been impacted due to the implication o f the nursing approaches is sometimes it may create the complications due to variety of range of changes and cultural backgrounds due to clinically co m- petent nurses and collaborative working of the many of the health care professio n- als and nurses to come t ogether as a team for the treatment of the patient (Asadzandi, 2018 ). Therefore, these are the sectors which has been influenced the most while using the different kinds of nursing approaches in respect to the health care settings and technology ( Mato et.a l., 2016 ). Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion over the different types of social determ i- nants of health in the context of the case study of smith family, it has been co n- Nursing 13 cluded that social determinants of health play a major role towards the enhanc e- ment of the health and well -being of the people with the main aim of improving the health and well -being of the people with the main aim of targeting the patient to build their relationships among the different categories of the people suffering fro m the various kinds of disparities. This implies that social determinants of health are not limited to examine the behavior of the individual towards their health and well - being but also include the biopsychosocial determinants of health and nursing a p- proa ches. 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