Pathophysiology of Hypertension, Myocardial Infarction, and Heart Failure

Hypertension mechanisms and pathophysiology

Mr. Green is a 63-year old male with a history CAD, hypertension and a leftanterior descending transmural myocardial infarction. Recently, Mr. Green hasbeen complaining of increased fatigue and difficulty breathing; he graduallydeveloped dyspnea with 30metres of level walking, two pillow orthopnea,nocturia, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and progressive ankle edema. He istachycardic and the ECG demonstrates that he is in atrial fibrillation. He hasgained 6 kg. over the past 2 weeks. Mr. Green is diagnosed with heart failure andis admitted to an acute care facility.His current medications are ramipril, metoprolol, and NTG sublingual prn.Vital signs include the following data: HR irregular 138bpm, BP 156/86, RR 28,oxygen saturation of 90% via pulse oximetry.Physical exam revealed a male in mild respiratory distress with hypertension anddiaphoresis. Periphery is cool to touch. He has positive jugular vein distentionand bilateral pitting peripheral edema 3+ of his ankles and feet. Crackles werepresent throughout the chest. The liver was somewhat enlarged. CXR showedpulmonary edema and echo showed moderate cardiomegaly with Left and Rightventricular remodeling.The nurse considers risk factors and symptoms that differentiate right andleft-sided failure. The nurse recognizes atrial fibrillation on Jonathan’s ECGmonitor and implements priority care. The nurse implements care and teachingrelated to Mr. Green’s prescriptions for pharmacological heart failure treatment.Assignment QuestionsIn this assignment, you will be explaining the pathophysiology behindhypertension, myocardial infarction and heart failure.Describe and explain the pathophysiology of hypertension and myocardialinfarction, and its eventual contribution to heart failure by filling in the steps belowwith the required information.
Use the headings below to format your answerPATH1016 ASSIGNMENT #1-1 FALL 2020PART 1 (14 marks)Hypertension mechanisms and pathophysiologyPATH1016 ASSIGNMENT #1-1 FALL 2020 1.    Describe the risk factors that contribute to hypertension?     Risk factors include unhealthy diets such as diets with excessive saltconsumption, a diet high in saturated fat and trans fats, low intake of fruits andvegetables, physical inactivity, consumption of tobacco and alcohol, and beingoverweight or obese. In terms of ?Family history of hypertension it would include.Race, Age.2.How do the various components of the autonomic nervous systeminfluence blood pressure?The autonomic nervous system is divided into parasympathetic and sympatheticnervous system the Sympathetic nervous system in relation to the part of theautonomic nervous system that under stress raises blood pressure and heartrate, which then constricts blood vessels and affects the baroreceptor.The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone? (RAA) ?is a hormone system that regulatesblood pressure, as well as systemic vascular resistance. This increases thevolume of extracellular fluid in the body, which also increases blood pressure.3.How is the diagnosis of hypertension made?Diagnosis of hypertension is made through repeated blood pressuremeasurements, laboratory tests,x-ray films and other diagnostic tests are used todetermine the damage of target organs. Doctors may also ?conduct a physicalexamination, and recommend routine tests, such as a urinalysis,blood tests, acholesterol test and an electrocardiogram