Types of Prevention, COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality Rates, Diabetes, Migraine and Study Population

1. What are the three types of prevention, give one example for each and explain why they are placed in that category.

 

2. What are the two approaches to prevention? Give one example for each and explain which one is cheaper and which one is more invasive?

 

3. There have been 753,000 cases of COVID-19 in Canada since January 2020. So far, 671,000 people have recovered, and 19,500 person have died. Population of Canada is 37.5 million.

If we assume that 50 per cent are female, 30 per cent are over the age of 60 and 12 per cent have been hospitalized, then calculate:

 

a. What is the incidence rate of COVID-19 from Jan 1, 2020 to Jan 26, 2021?

b. What is the prevalence of COVID-19 on to Jan 26, 2021?

c. What is the mortality rate of COVID-19 from Jan 1, 2020 to Jan 26, 2021?

d. What is the case-fatality of COVID-19 in Canada?

e. What are the total number of female patients?

f. What are the total number of patients over 60?

g. What are the total number of hospitalized patients?

 

4. People used to die of diabetes before insulin was discovered by a Canadian researcher. Now people with diabetes could manage their disease and live a long time with diabetes. How did the discovery of insulin change the prevalence of diabetes? How about the incident?

 

5. Incidence of diabetes is higher in USA compared to Canada. Can we conclude that risk of diabetes is higher in USA compared to Canada? Explain.

 

6. When comparing mortality rates between Canada and Brazil, Canada had a higher mortality rate despite the fact that Canada has a better health care system and higher standard of life. How could you explain this observation?

 

7. A survey from an emergency room in a hospital showed there were more women with migraine in the emergency room over the seven day that the survey took place compared to men. Can we say the risk of migraine is higher in females than males? Explain.

 

 

 

8. Consider a study population with the following age:

49       24    83    17    55    32    62    53    38    55

 

a. What is the median age?

b. What is the range?

c. What is the sample size?

d. What is the advantage of median compared to mean?

 

9. Based on the figure below:

a. What is the average BMI in this population?

b. Is a BMI of 23 more common or 41?

What type of distribution is this?