Critically Discuss Grice’s Contribution to Pragmatics, Pragmatic Competence, and Interlanguage Pra

Grice’s Contribution to Pragmatics

Discuss Critically Grice’s Contribution To Pragmatics, Pragmatic Competence And Interlanguage Pragmatics.

Distinguish The Various Ways a Maxim May Be Flouted Under Grice’s Cooperative Principle.

Analyse Whether Flouting Is a Cooperative Act In Relation To Learner’s Interlanguage And Difficulties With Pragmatic Competence.

Herbert Paul Grice published Grice pragmatics. It is totally related to the co-operative study of semantics (Fauziah, Yuliasri & Rukmini, 2020). He is known as the theory of implicature. It is able to say what one communicates than what a person is saying. He says that the word “yes” and “no” has some identifiable meaning.

In this essay, Grice’s contribution on pragmatics is discussed critically (Antoniou et al., 2020). It also discussed regarding the difference between the various ways a maxim can be flouted under the co-operative principle of Grice. In this essay, total analysis is performed regarding the pragmatic.  

As per Allot (2005), one of the important contributions to the pragmatic of Grice was to give attention to the connections with the inference, rationality and reasoning. He recommended that talking might be a special case of behavior. He did not think that the type of inference model was totally exclusive (Guerra, 2020). The steps of the inference were very laborious and it was responsible to consume a huge amount of energy. He mentioned that reasoning was undertaking of the inference for reaching towards a goal (Fauziah, Yuliasri & Rukmini, 2020). His personal reasons were required for his theory of meaning. Other experts like Warner mentioned that pragmatic procedure was involved in the conscious awareness. It highlighted many points for this procedure (Antoniou et al., 2020). Many experts were not satisfied with the Grice theory. According to Chomsky, the use of the language is very innovative but it is not determined by inner as well as outer condition. It includes exact environments. But use of creative languages is not appropriate for the subjects of science and technology. In this particular case, many experts are disagreeing (Derakhshan & Eslami, 2020). According to McGivray, the environment created by Chomsky does not need any sentence. He needs not to say anything to anyone. Chomsky says that language is not bounded and it is not responsible to take any input from the environment (Escobar, 2020). It is entirely related to the exact circumstances. There is no important restriction of the important study of the reason provided by him (Derakhshan & Eslami, 2020). McGilvray provides a summary of the idea of Chomsky. He says that no science can elaborate on the view of intelligent behavior. It helps to explain how much intelligent behavior a person can do. The study of the language can be referred to as a set of features of the mind or brain (Duarte, 2020). With the help of the common standard, pragmatic can be treated as the most successful scientific program. It gives a unique elaboration of the incidents that can be thought of as not connected (Antoniou et al., 2020). It motivates a person to do the experimental assignments. It has some conceptual foundations which are related to the other sections of cognitive science.

Grice’s Contribution to Pragmatic Competence

Grice’s pragmatic has been considered as ethnocentric. It is totally related to inter-cultural context (Aberdein, 2020). The social context of pragmatics is totally related to the rationality of discourse. It is also involved in linguistic and non-linguistic context. These are the social context of Grice pragmatics.

Pragmatic competence has the capability to use languages in a proper manner (Derakhshan & Eslami, 2020). It is entirely dependent on the social point of view. It is very efficient for performing effective communication in the second language. Grice mentions that sometimes pragmatic competence is avoided. He mentions that it is a talent by which the native speakers are used to define the non-native speakers as a good communicator (Duarte, 2020). He says that the all the second language speakers at the initial level that helps to perform the communicative competence. If the grammatical competence is to initiate to design then some more vocabulary is necessary. The second language speaker can perform his communication in an efficient manner (Escobar, 2020). According to Wierbicka (2003), the imperative is being taken for Swaring in English. Grice mentions that the learner should not show his or her attitude at the time of learning. It is the main contribution of the EFL teacher to provide guidance to the learner. They use the most traditional methodology for providing a request in English (Fauziah, Yuliasri & Rukmini, 2020). As an EFL teacher, a person needs to be aware of various ways in which pragmatic transfer involves. It may have a huge impact on learners.

Grice mentions that Interlanguage pragmatics is considered as a branch of second language acquisition (Németh, 2020). It helps to examine the knowledge of the learner. It is used to perform the socio-cultural norms. He says that second language learner needs some linguistic forms. There are various activities that can be performed for socio-functional operations. He mentions that learners need to know which form is quite appropriate for a particular situation (Kornai, 2020). According to Kasper and Dhal (1991:216), interlanguage pragmatics is elaborated in a narrow sense. It is used to refer to the non-native sense.

There are various ways by which maxim can be flouted (Yusro, Sutopo & Yuliasri, 2020). A person can flout the maxim of quality for highlighting a clumsy friend who has just taken a bad away so that her representation is attractive. The intention of saying this totally opposite. The ultimate outcome is an ironic understatement. Maxim of relevance may lead to performing the blaming with the help of irrelevant praise (Guerra, 2020). Maxim of manner may relate to ambiguity. These maxims are used by the comedians having several purposes. It is performed to hide several truths. They may select some words for the outcome of a particular story. It is also related to the prior experiences of the reader. Speakers who are performing the flout of maxim intentionally, they force the listener for understanding the implemented implicature (Murphy, 2020). For a clumsy friend, a person will likely understand what the speaker is offering the compliment. Therefore, cooperation is still available but it is not at the literal level. For gaining some experiences of thought, the speaker flouts maxim. Grecian maxim fulfills both the purposes, when they are obeyed and when they flouted (Németh, 2020). As per Grice (1975), a person can violate the rules of maxims intentionally. Because of that other people are totally dark regarding this matter. If a person flutes the maxim of quality then he or she is telling lie. If a person is violating the maxim of quantity by providing not enough knowledge then that person is blamed for being economical with the truth (Sibul, Vetrinskaya & Grishechko, 2020). Violating the rules of maxims means breaking the rules in an illegal manner. According to rules, some violations of maxim can be very dangerous than the other violations.  

Grice’s Contribution to Interlanguage Pragmatics

If a person is flouting the Grice’s maxim, he or she destroys this one inside a flagrant procedure. So that it is quite obvious that it is divided or segregated (Yao & Du-Babcock,  2020). If it occurs then it is quite clear that the speaker wants to forward some information to the listener. Grice refers to the meaning highlighted with the help of flout. It is also referred to as implicature. From this, it can be said that the meaning of the term implicature is extra meaning (Yusro, Sutopo & Yuliasri, 2020). But he also mentions that some lies (which are known as white lies) maintain social peace and these are acceptable.

Masudi (2007) conducted several researches on the flouting of Grice’s maxim. He conducted that research in the field of literature, humor and religion. Researchers are performed in both verbal as well as written mode (Fauziah, Yuliasri & Rukmini, 2020). There are others researchers are conducted for this particular topic. These are: “Flouting Grice’s Maxim and Dinner” (by Rundquist, 1990), “The Flouting of Conversational Maxims by the main characters in Titanic Movie” ( by Purwanto, 2008), “The Flouting and Hedging Maxims in the English Translation of Surah Yasin” (by Mashudi, 2007) and many others. There are very less number of studies are conducted in the field politics for Grice’s maxim because no researchers are interested to work on this particular context.   

There is a co-operative principle that is implicature of the pragmatics. Human beings are connected with rational and logical way in pragmatics (Aberdein, 2020).. It is argued that, the people conversation is embedded into the conversation of the people. Audience tries to understand the impact of a remark given by the people. It is highlighted as the co-operative as well as contextual information. Grice’s says that, the speaker can create the meaning and their audiences (Antoniou et al., 2020). They are able to infer the exact meaning. He thinks that, people follow several patterns for their interactions with other people.

They also consider the coherence of unity and it is highlighted in the rational level (Escobar, 2020). He is totally concerned with the procedure by which a person meaningfully connects various sentences. Different speakers highlight various issues. These maxims do not give a reader the idea that how a person should talk, but it is totally related to the assumption of listeners. Davies (2008) highlights that; the surface meaning does not follow the maxim of Grice. The Co-operative principle plays a vital role in pragmatics. It is totally related to the linguistics. But they do not said regarding the implementation of this.  Thomas (1976b: p. 176) says that, they have ignored the term “co-operative principle”. There is an ambiguity as well as consistency within the Grice own defination of co-operative principle.

The Various Ways a Maxim May Be Flouted under Grice’s Cooperative Principle

At present, there is a huge amount of interest in the pragmatic study of the Co-operative principle (Antoniou et al., 2020). It is specially related to the maxim flouts. These are entirely significant to the difficulties of pragmatic competence. According to Thomas (1995), pragmatics is always identical to the co-operative act. In this particular case, Grice can be treated as a normal language (Aberdein, 2020). As per Dornerus (2005), people can manage to understand the language in an efficient manner through the language is totally imperfect. As per Mey (2006), many people think that the learners may reach the intended meaning of the inter-language as well as pragmatic competence. He also states that the learner believes in his or her inference about the pragmatic differences.

Green (1996) says that, rationality as well as competitiveness is main features of the common speakers (Duarte, 2020). But non-cooperative conversation is treated as co-operative. They are many global schemes those are related to the more global themes including listener as well as speaker.   

Conclusion

Grice theory is totally related to the co-operation principle. He thinks that, it believes in successful communication. He avoids the fact that there is tendency to perform miscommunication intentionally. It does not contain any social context. It only follows the account of social context. Grice is interested to find the logic of communication and it highlights the difference between saying and meaning. At the end, it is said that, Grice Pragmatics is an important concept in linguistics.

References

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Duarte, A. (2020). Argumentative Abduction in the Interpretation Process: A Pragma-Dialectical Study of an Ironic Utterance. In From Argument Schemes to Argumentative Relations in the Wild (pp. 205-221). Springer, Cham.

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