BIO 106 Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. What are the similarities and differences between the endocrine and nervous systems? Why would your body want two systems for communication?

2. What are the chemical differences between different hormones and how does that influence their method of target cell activation?

3. Describe the specific components of a negative feedback loop for one specific hormone(s).

4. What is the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland? What type of tissue are each of them? 

5. What is the difference between Type I and Type II diabetes? What are some lifestyle factors that can lead to someone developing Type II diabetes?  

Chapter: Blood

6. What are the 3 major “formed elements” in blood and what is each one’s function? 

7. Describe how blood regulates: pH, body temp, blood pressure, and water content of cells. 

8. Describe and put in order the three basic mechanisms that reduce blood loss.

9. Describe the ABO/Rh blood types, which antigens and antibodies does each blood type have, which types can give and receive blood from each other and why is it dangerous for the antibodies that match the antigens to mix?

Chapter: The Heart

10. Describe the 3 layers of the heart wall, what are their functions? Why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right? 

11. Trace the flow of blood through the heart starting with the R. atrium and ending with the Aorta, include valves and indicate the oxygenated status of the blood. 

12. Think about the valves in veins, and in the heart, what key role do valves play in the circulatory system? What are 2 disorders or pathologies that can arise when someone has a valve disorder? What causes the “lubb dupp” sounds that you hear when you listen to your heart beat through a stethoscope?

13. Explain how the autonomic nervous system modifies heart rate and why. Which division would lower the heart rate and which division raises the heart rate?

14. Cardiac Output (CO) is very important in order to infuse all the cells of the body with blood, please describe how blood volume reflexes, autonomic innervation, and hormones influence CO?  In addition, predict how changing each of these would influence CO.

CH: Blood Vessel

15. Describe the 3 types of blood vessels and what their functions are in your body.

16. Where in the cardiovascular system is the surface area the greatest?   Why is it so high HERE and lower everywhere else? What does this do to the speed and pressure of blood?

17. What are two of the ways that your body gets blood to pump through veins even though venous pressure is nearly zero?

18. Why is blood pressure an important measure of someone’s overall health? Describe 3 factors that will increase blood pressure in a person.

CH 20: Lymphatic System

19. Describe the basic structure of a lymphatic vessel. What similarities do they share with veins and how are they different? 

20. In what ways are the lymphatic and the immune system interconnected? Why do you think the human body evolved this interconnectedness between these 2 systems? 

21. Describe the 3 locations of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in your body and what its function is.

CH: Immune System

22. Explain the similarities and differences between the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system.

23. How does your immune system know what to attack - what are the ways that cells know what is “self” and what is “non-self”?

24. Describe what the primary and secondary humoral response is and how Active and Passive humoral immunity function in your body. How
do vaccines relate to these bodily processes?

25. Describe what would happen to your immune response if you lost the function of each of the following cell types: T-helper cells, Cytotoxic T-cells, and B-lymphocytes.

26. What are the roles of antibodies in an allergic reaction? And how can antibody activity trigger body responses that can lead to death?
 
CH : The Respiratory System 

27. What role does phospholipid surfactant play in the lungs?

28. Why does gas exchange happen in the microscopic alveoli and NOT the large bronchi or bronchioles?

29. Describe the different volumes of air in the lungs. Why do our lungs maintain a residual volume of air? 

30. Explain how PO2, pH, PCO2 & temperature influence whether a hemoglobin will keep or give up an oxygen molecule. State what conditions will shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curves to the left and to the right.

31. Discuss the consequences that chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), emphysema and cystic fibrosis have on respiratory function.

CH 24: Metabolism

32. What is a nutrient and why are some essential? 

33. Using a carbohydrate as an example explain how your body’s metabolism would break it down for energy not in the presence of oxygen. 

34. What is the difference between basal metabolic rate and total metabolic rate?

CH 23: The Digestive System 

35. In what parts of the digestive tract does mechanical digestion take place? How does the body accomplish mechanical digestion in each place?

36. What are the 4 general layers of the digestive tract wall (alimentary canal) and what are their functions? 

37. What types of molecules are absorbed in the small intestine, how about in the large intestine? 

38. What is the function of the enteric nervous system? What is the difference between the submucosal nerve plexus and myenteric nerve plexus?

CH. 25: Urinary System

39. List three different molecules that are filtered OUT of the blood by the glomerulus.  What do these molecules have in common?

40. List two types of molecules or cells that are retained by the glomerulus.  Explain why these items are NOT filtered out of the blood.

41. What types of molecules are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule? What is the primary method of reabsorption in the PCT? What
ion is involved?

42. Describe how urea is used in the loop of the nephron to create the countercurrent multiplier system. What other benefit does this have for the body? (think about what urea is…)

43. What important ion is primarily reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule? How is this accomplished?

44. Alcohol inhibits the production of ADH.  What effect will this have on urine production? What do we call a molecule that has this effect?

45. List three important things that kidneys do to REGULATE your blood chemistry.

CH. 27: Reproductive System

46. Describe how sperm are produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and the course they must take to travel out of the male.

47. Describe the different components of semen, where they come from and their functions.

48. Describe how a primordial follicle develops into a Graffian follicle and ovulates, and then what happens to the follicle?

49. What layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation and why?

50. How does female hormonal birth control work? If you were to develop a male hormonal birth control, what pathway would you target and why?