Learning Theory Model: Fundamental Bases, Assessment Methods, Proponed Diagnosis, and Counseling pro

The Student Will Learn About a Specific Theoretical Model Hand-Picked During The First Class.

Students Must Prepare a Summary. This Summary Must Contain The Following Information:

Fundamental Bases, Description, Assessment Method, Proponed Diagnosis, Counseling Processes Contemplated.

The learning theory model is defined as a theory that suggested the process of how students absorb the knowledge, process the knowledge and retain knowledge during learning. In this case, cognitive, environmental and emotional influences along with previous experiences play a crucial part in providing the idea that how understanding, is acquired or changed and knowledge is retained (Kruglanski et al., 2018). While client learning is important to effective therapy, comparatively little researchers have been conducted to relate learning theory to the counseling process. Considering the history of the learning theory model, John B. Watson (1925). An American behaviorist proposed the learning theory and he dominated the academic understanding of learning for approximately 60 years (Moore, 2017). Behaviorist considers learning as a perspective or part of conditioning and it is acting as a supporter of a system of rewards and targets in education. Hence, a learner’s ability to learn certain things or gather energy strongly depending on what they already have known and understand. These various fundamental bases of the theory are that represent this theory.

The methodological behaviorism is based on the theory of only enlightening public events or apparent behavior. B.F. Skinner presented an additional type of behaviorism called radical behaviorism, hence, three fundamental bases of the theory include Classical conditioning, Social learning theory, Operant conditioning. Pavlov's Classical Conditioning provides a physical logical explanation of behavior where the cerebral cortex is the center of these behaviors. In this conditioning, reinforcement was associated with the stimulus (Zhang et al., 2019). In this case, students will absorb and retain knowledge only when it is associated with reinforcement. Skinner's Operant Conditioning distinguished between two types of learning such as respondents which are based on stimulate and operant which is based on the organism (Pavlov, 2018). This theory provides us the method of altering behaviors by reinforcement of appropriate response. Bandura’s socio-cognitive theory suggested that the knowledge and skills of individuals are acquired through observing the individuals present within the immediate or social environment. These three conditioning theories help individuals to gather an understanding of the learning process of the students (Font, Garay & Jones, 2016).

The assessment method of the learning of the students includes questionnaire can be an effective one. Early learning scale is an effective one to assess the learning capabilities of the preschool students. On the other hand, summative assessment can be a way of assessing where different learning styles can be assessed. The test at the end of the lesson can be an example of a summative assessment to assess the learning style (Dixson & Worrell, 2016). Formative assessment can be another assessment method where ongoing activity can be used to understand the learning process (Dixson & Worrell, 2016). 

Fundamental Bases

The proponed diagnosed are used to assess the learning style and in this case, the presence of any learning disabilities can be understood through proponed diagnosis. Common learning disabilities that can be understood through proponed diagnosis include Auditory Processing Disorder (APD), Dyscalculia, Dyslexia, and ADHD. In this context, in order to assess the learning disabilities of the children or any adults, informal interview, career interest inventories, review of medical, school, or work histories (Tolar et al., 2016). On the other hand, apart from educational psychology, methods for directly detecting the functioning of the brain during the learning process and learning disabilities amongst students’ event-related potential and functional magnetic resonance imaging are the most suitable methods that support educational psychology.

Understanding any knowledge, information or skills is implied in insightful learning and has important effects on other aspects of the learning process. At this juncture, the learning theory model is effective model for understanding the learning process of the individuals. In this context, this Learning theory model provides additional principles that can be used to guide learning in the counseling process (Nelson et al., 2016). The clients in the counseling process tend to have a lack of information, lack of understanding concepts, interpersonal self-conflict, choice anxiety, cultural self-conflict. In this case, motivational interview, parent counseling, developmental counseling, school, based counseling are the effective method that integrates the learning theory and support patients to retain the knowledge (Tolar et al., 2016). Many researchers suggested that the majority of counselors encourage their clients for engaging them in constructive problem-solving activities, it will provide them with opportunities to find what they will be more able to deal effectively with their problems.

References

Dixson, D. D., & Worrell, F. C. (2016). Formative and summative assessment in the classroom. Theory into practice, 55(2), 153-159.

Font, X., Garay, L., & Jones, S. (2016). A social cognitive theory of sustainability empathy. Annals of Tourism Research, 58, 65-80.

Kruglanski, A. W., Fishbach, A., Woolley, K., Bélanger, J. J., Chernikova, M., Molinario, E., & Pierro, A. (2018). A structural model of intrinsic motivation: On the psychology of means-ends fusion. Psychological Review, 125(2), 165.

Moore, J. (2017). John B. Watson's Classical S--R Behaviorism. Journal of Mind & Behavior, 38(1).

Nelson, L. D., Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Hammeke, T., Barr, W., Randolph, C., & McCrea, M. A. (2016). Multiple self-reported concussions are more prevalent in athletes with ADHD and learning disability. Clinical journal of sport medicine, 26(2), 120-127.

Pavlov, I. (2018). Burrhus Skinner and Behaviourists. Learning Theories for Early Years Practice, 48..

Tolar, T. D., Fuchs, L., Fletcher, J. M., Fuchs, D., & Hamlett, C. L. (2016). Cognitive profiles of mathematical problem solving learning disability for different definitions of disability. Journal of learning disabilities, 49(3), 240-256.

 Zhang, L., Lu, X., Bi, Y., & Hu, L. (2019). Pavlov’s Pain: the Effect of Classical Conditioning on Pain Perception and its Clinical Implications. Current pain and headache reports, 23(3), 19