Effect of Perceived Political Corruption on Tax Tolerance among Ghanaians - Research Study

Objectives for the research study

Part A

The research topic is the effect of the perceived political corruption on the tax tolerance among the Ghanaians regarding the E-levy tax.

The dependent variable is the tax tolerance for the new E-levy tax among the Ghanaians. The dependent variable could be measured using a Likert scale. The dependent can either be viewed as an interval data or a nominal data. When regression will be used to explore the research objectives then the Likert Scale will be used to represent the dependent variable as an interval data variable.

The main independent variable is the perceived political corruption. This variable could be nominal or could be made into interval data using the Likert scale. The other independent variables will be used as controls. They include; income level, education level, and sector of employment. These three independent variables are categorical variables.

Part B

The main objective for this research is to investigate the influence that the perceived political corruption has on the tax tolerance among the Ghanaians. The specific objectives for this research are;

1. To assess the association between the perceived political corruption and the tax tolerance among the Ghanaians.
2. To investigate if the influence of perceived political corruption on the tax tolerance is the same for all income levels.
3. To investigate if the influence of perceived political corruption on the tax tolerance is the same for all education levels.
4. To investigate if the influence of perceived political corruption on the tax tolerance is the same for all sectors of employment.
5. To fit a regression model for the tax tolerance on the independent variables for the research.

Part C

Two hypothesis sets used for this research are summarized in the table below;

Hypothesis Set	Null Hypothesis	Alternative Hypothesis
1	The tax tolerance among Ghanaians does not depend on the perceived political corruption.	There is a significant association between the tax tolerance among Ghanaians and the perceived political corruption.
2	The influence of political corruption on tax tolerance is the same for all income levels.	The influence of political corruption on tax tolerance is the significantly different for all income levels.

Part D

The type of research to be adopted for this research is quantitative research. The variables used in this research can be quantified using the respective levels of measurements. The variables in the study are either interval data or categorical (nominal data) which is best analyzed using quantitative research. The research’s objective investigates causation which can be best analyzed by the quantitative research.

Part E

The target population for this research is the Ghanaians who are tax payers. To obtain a study sample for this research, a random sampling technique will be used. The random sampling technique ensures no sampling bias is allowed in the data collection process that would undermine the reliability for the study.

Part F

To obtain the data directly from the respondents, questionnaires or surveys can be used to obtain the first-hand information. Online surveys will still provide primary information and is able to get sample representations from other regions or states within Ghana.

Part A

Investigate and identify the risks that are highly associated with tourism in Ghana.

This research topic will focus in identifying the fears (risks) that associated people have regarding tourism in Ghana.

Part B

The two specific study objectives for this qualitative research include;

1. To identify the most frequent risks associated with the Ghanaian tourism industry.
2. To assess if the Ghanaian tourism industry is safe for tourists or workers in the industry.

Part C

Research questions help to guide the study as the study lays down objectives to try and answer these research questions. Below are two research questions formulated for this research;

1. Is Ghanaian tourism industry void of the risks that affects the tourism industry in general?
2. In case of risks associated with the Ghanaian tourism, what are the most common (frequent) risks associated with the Ghanaian tourism industry?

Hypothesis sets used in the research study

Part D

Unlike the Quantitative type of research, the qualitative research does not need large sample size for its samples. The qualitative research types mostly have small sample sizes. Additionally, studies show that sample sizes of 9 to 17 usually achieve saturation in qualitative analysis. This study will settle for 15 as the sample size for this study.

Part E

The types of qualitative analysis that can be used to study the research topic include the thematic analysis, and the content analysis. The thematic analysis would help identify the categories for the risks affecting the tourism industry in Ghana while the content analysis will be helpful in identifying the specific risks involved in the Ghanaian tourism industry. The content analysis would also be helpful in identifying the degree of occurrence of these risks.

The correlation analysis using Pearson correlation was conducted in a dataset of 612 observation. The correlation analysis is between the employee performance (dependent variable) and motivation (independent variable).

There exists a significant relationship between the motivation employees receive and their performance. The relationship is moderate in strength. With regards to the direction of the relationship between these two variables, the relationship is positive. The correlation suggests a moderate and positive relationship between the motivation and employee performance.

Increase in employee motivation was associated with an increase the employee performance while a decrease in motivation was associated with a decrease in employee performance. While the correlation is significant, it does not necessarily depict causation between the two variables.

Part I

The dependent variable for this study was the growth rate of a country. This is the variable being modelled with help of other independent variables. The independent variables include; secondary school enrollment, democracy index, life expectancy, Inflation rate, Government consumption ratio, fertility rate, terms of trade, and interest rate.

Part II

Below are the p-values from the regression output;

Dependent Variables	p-value
Secondary School Enrollment	0.0111
Democracy Index	0.2041
Life expectancy	0.0000
Inflation rate	0.0147
Government Consumption Ratio	0.2269
Fertility Rate	0.4093
Terms of Trade	0.2321
Interest Rate	0.0939
Constant	0.0000

The significant variables ae the variables with p-value less than the 0.05 significance level. This is because the t-test for the significance of the coefficients was done at a 95% confidence level. The significant predictor variables are the secondary school enrollment, life expectancy, and the Inflation rate. These are the variables which can significantly predict the outcome variable.

With a unit increase in the secondary school enrollment, the growth rate is expected to increase by 0.327 provided other predictors are held constant. A unit increase in life expectancy will see an increase in the growth rate by 1.12 assuming all other factors are held constant. A unit increase in the inflation rate reduces the growth rate by 0.769 provided other factors are held constant.

Part III

The overall model is significant at a 5% significance level. The p-value for the F-test is 0.00 which is less than the significance level of 0.05. The R-squared value also suggest the goodness of this model. The model has a R-squared value of 0.9943. The significance of the model show that the addition of the independent variables into the model improves the model performance relative to the null model.

As with any tourism destination, there are various risks associated with tourism in Ghana. Some of the significant risks associated with tourism in Ghana include:

1. Health risks: Ghana is a tropical country, and as such, visitors may be at risk of contracting diseases such as malaria, yellow fever, and dengue fever. Visitors are advised to take the necessary precautions, such as taking anti-malaria medication and getting vaccinated before traveling.

2. Safety risks: Visitors may be at risk of petty theft, pickpocketing, and robbery in some parts of the country, especially in urban areas. Visitors are advised to take precautions such as keeping their valuables secure and avoiding walking alone at night.

3. Political risks: Ghana has a stable democracy, but there may be occasional political unrest, especially during election periods. Visitors are advised to stay informed about the political situation and avoid any demonstrations or protests.

4. Natural risks: Ghana is prone to natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Visitors are advised to take precautions and follow instructions from local authorities in case of any natural disasters.