Significant Transformations of the Industrial Revolution, the Colonial Period of Australia, and the

Overview of Industrial Revolution

Provide a Brief Overview Of The Industrial Revolution, Identify And Analyze The Most Important Transformations Of This Period And, Lastly, Discuss Your Findings With Reference To The Impact Of The Revolution On The British Working Class In The Late 18th Century.

Provide a Brief Overview Of The Colonial Period Of Australia (1788–1850) And Its Main Characteristics, Analyse Motives Behind Britain’s Colonisation And, Lastly, Discuss The Consequences Of This Period For Indigenous Peoples.

Provide a Brief Overview Of The Irish Rebellion Of 1798 , Analyse Motives Behind The Conflict And, Lastly, Discuss The Consequences Of The Conflict For Northern Ireland.

Industrial Revolution helped in marking period of the development towards latter half of that of 18^th century which was able to transform the agrarian society of Europe and the America into the industrialized one. The new machines and the techniques had been introduced in the textiles and in the other industries that proved to be helpful in production of the goods in mass quantities. Industrial Revolution started in Britain and it spread to other parts of world by the end of 1830’s and the 40’s. The event paved the path for the unprecedented rise in population growth and the technological innovations started on account of the Industrial Revolution. It marked an important turning point in the history and it was instrumental in transforming the daily lives of the people. This essay discuses about Industrial Revolution and it talks about important transformations taking place during this time. The essay elucidates on the effect of revolution on working class of Britain in later part of 18^th century.

The Industrial Revolution within modern history saw process of the change from the agrarian economy to the one which was dominated by the industry along with machine manufacturing. It started in Britain at the time of 18^th century and then spread in other countries of the world. The primary features which were involved in Industrial Revolution pertains to technological, cultural along with the socio-economic. New basic materials started being used in Industrial Revolution and new machines were invented which facilitated the increased production with small expenditure of the human energy. There were significant developments in the area of the transportation along with the communication and science was applied to the industry. The technological changes increased the usage of the natural resources in relation to the manufactured goods.

There were significant developments which were made in the field of the nonindustrial spheres. The agricultural improvements helped in making possible provision of the food that can serve the large amount of non-agricultural population. The economic changes that took place helped in the wider distribution of the wealth and the increase in the international trade. The political changes helped in reflecting shift in the economic power that helped in corresponding to needs of the industrialized society. The workers acquired the new and the distinctive skills that helped them in catering to the needs of various kinds of industries. A psychological change also took place and the people acquired the ability of making the efficient use of the resources that served the demands of the age.

Transformations During Industrial Revolution

Industrial Revolution took place over a span of 100 years and it started in Britain in the later half of 1700’s and it later on spread to the Europe along with United States. First wave in relation to Industrial Revolution took place from late 1700’s to that of mid- 1800’s. It was responsible for industrializing manufacture of the textiles and movement of the production from the homes to the factories started during this period. The steam power along with cotton gin played a decisive role at the time of First Industrial Revolution. Second Industrial Revolution occurred from mid-1800s to that of early 1900. The large factories along with the companies started to use more amount of the technologies that helped in the mass production of the goods. The innovations that took place during this period pertained to the usage of the electricity along with Bessemer steel process.

Industrial Revolution brought about various kinds of the cultural changes. The people used to live in the country before the Industrial Revolution however after the revolution the people started to move to the cities so that they could work in the factories. The cities as a result became overcrowded and the poor workers had to live within the premises of the unsafe buildings. Dramatic shift took place in the life the people and the transportation changed dramatically due to the Industrial Revolution. It led to introduction of new ways of travel which included railroads, automobiles along with steamboats. It changed the way the people and the goods travelled across the country and in the world. The workers had to suffer the poor working condition in the factories. There existed some laws that helped in protecting the dignity of the workers. Towards end of the year 1900, labour unions played a significant role that helped in the creation of the safe working environment.

There were significant transformations that took place at the time of the Industrial Revolution that had a great effect on the lives of the people. The population of Britain quadrupled during Industrial Revolution and it increased from 6.5 million people in the year 1750 to that of 32.5 million in the year 1900. It was brought about owing to improved living standards of the people and the declining death rate of the people. Population of the Britain was able to move from the rural to the urban communities with the help of the Industrial Revolution.

Overview of the Colonial Period of Australia

Industrial Revolution paved the path for the creation of the new factories along with the mills which was built across the Britain. The factories were dependent on the workers and the machinery which facilitated the manufacture of the massive quantities of the goods within a single place. Growth of the factories along with the textile mills was able to transform the economy and the society of Britain. It gave birth to the concept of the modern cities and the towns and it helped in the flourishing of the commercial cities like the London and the Manchester. The people moved to the towns and the cities so that they could work at factories along with the mills. Before incidence of Industrial Revolution there were 80 percent of the population who used to live in countryside and 20 percent of the people used to live within the cities. Industrialisation created the way for reversing of the pattern and it was found that by end of year 1850, 80 percent of the population of Britain started to live within the framework of the city or the town and 20 percent stayed back on land.

The Industrial Revolution led to the developing of steam power along with the electricity which was able to transform manufacturing, communications along with the agricultural transport industries which had a great effect on the everyday lives of the people. The supplies of the coal became crucial for the fuel system engines along with electrical power stations. Thomas Newcomen in 1700 designed prototype of first modern engine which was known as “atmospheric steam engine”.It was made use of for powering the machines that could pump the water out of the mine shafts. In the year 1760, the Scottish engineer James Watt Strated to improvise on the Newcomen model that added the separate water condenser which helped in making the process more efficient.  He collaborated with the Matthew Boulton that invented the steam engine with the rotary motion that helped the steam power in spreading across the British industries. The steam power helped the miners in going deeper and extracting more amount of the cheap energy source. The demand for the coal increased in this period that was needed for the production of the manufactured goods. The growth of the population helped in linking the towns with the help of new canals, railway lines along with the roads.

The invention of the new modes of the transport helped in replacing the horse-drawn carriages. There was the improvement in the travelling conditions and this made the people travel more and they started to live less isolated lives. The various kinds of communication technologies like the telegraph along with the telephone systems had been also introduced. The road network of Britain had been primitive before the process of the industrialization but it was able to make the substantial improvements at the time of Industrial Revolution. Richard Trevithick in 1800 was responsible for debuting the steam-powered locomotive and in the year 1830 similar kind of the locomotives were instrumental in transporting the freight in between industrial hubs of the Manchester and the Liverpool. It helped in carrying the goods along the rivers and the canals of Britain which was across Atlantic.

Motives Behind Britain's Colonisation

Growth of the cities along with the industries led to the birth of the social class which was known as the “middle class”. The new group of the people belonged to various kinds of the backgrounds and they were not the wealthy aristocratic landowners or the impoverished factory worker. They were inclusive of the wealthy industrialists, merchants, bankers, teachers, doctors along with increasing number of the managers along with the government officials. The people who were from the middle classes could buy the fine clothing along with the furniture and they could maintain a standard of the living. This class was responsible for driving demand in relation to consumer goods which were produced in large quantities. It was responsible for driving need for large number of schools, universities along with the libraries. Political power pertaining to British middle class got increased in 1800’s.

The advancements were made in the communication methods that helped the people in carrying out the communication in an effective manner. The banks along with the industrial financers rose to prominence at the time of the Industrial Revolution. The factory system was developed which depends on the owners along with the managers. The stock exchange was created within London in 1770 and Stock Exchange of New York was established in early 1790. The social philosopher called Adam Smith was responsible for publishing The Wealth of Nations which was on the basis of free enterprise, dearth of the government interference along with private ownership of the means of the production.

Goods became affordable and accessible owing to the advent of the Industrial Revolution. The factories along with the machines started to produce the goods at a faster pace that proved to be convenient for the common people. It helped in increasing the demand of various kinds of items that helped in the area of the economic development. The shoes, house hold goods along with the shoes helped in enhancing the quality of life of the people. The foreign markets had been created for the goods and it helped in shifting balance of power in favour of producer. It helped in bringing the wealth for companies which were instrumental in producing the goods. It was able to add the tax revenue to the coffers of the government.

Rapid production of the hand tools along with the useful items paved the path for the developing of the new kinds of the tools that helped in carrying the people from a place to that of another. Industrial Revolution acted as the engine that acted as the engine behind the advancements in the field of the medicine. Industrialization helped in the production of the medical instruments at a faster pace. The machine manufacturing could be made use of for bringing about the refinements in the instruments that can serve the demands of the physicians. The communication taking place in between the physicians improved that was instrumental in providing the better care for the people.

Consequences of the Colonial Period for Indigenous Peoples

The Industrial Revolution had a great effect on the quality of life of working class people. Within the traditional agricultural society, families used to work together as the unit of the production. The industrialization paved the path for creation of factory. It contributed to growth of the urban areas because the workers had to migrate to the cities for finding the work. Ordinary working people had to work under the strict working conditions and they had to endure long duration of the hard work. The women could play a crucial role for the production of the foods or the goods which was needed for household. The industrialization that took place separated the work and the home life of the people. The men used to earn the money so that it could cater to the needs of the family. The women used to take care of the home and their economic role declined within the family. There were many factory workers who were women but they used to stop working in the event of being married. The factory owners had to perform the repetitive and the monotonous tasks during the course of a single day. The working class families of the industrial era did not work together however they served the economic purpose that helped in raising the money that helped in supporting each other. The children were often sent to work so that they could earn the income for the family. The mothers often had to face the difficult circumstances and they had to struggle so that they could make ends meet. They used to work so that it could keep family out of poorhouse. It have been suggested by some researchers that real wages of the people increased however it have been found that they were mainly in the form of the bribes that were made so that the workers agreed to endure the polluted along with the unsanitary urban conditions. The bribes were paid so that it could lure the workers to the bad working conditions which prevailed in the cities. Industrial economy provided the new rules along with the time schedules for the people. It was found that work environment had moved indoors however pace of work underwent changes at a drastic pace. The adult males now had to toil for twelve to that of fourteen hours within a day and they had to work for five-and-half days with the course of a week. It proved to be a hard transition for the people who belonged to the working class of England. There were many people who were thought of to be highly productive at one point of time but they lost the jobs as they could not adjust themselves to the new kind of the regime.

Conclusion

Industrial Revolution helped in bringing about great changes in the society and there was a change from agrarian to the industrial economy. The event started within the Britain and later on it spread to other countries of world. The machines were invented on account of the Industrial Revolution and it helped in augmenting production of the goods. The new factories and mills were created on account of Industrial Revolution. Factories had to depend on workers along with machinery that helped in the production of the large quantities of goods. It helped in bringing about transformation in the economy that had an effect on society of the Britain. The men who came from the working class had to toil for duration of time so that they could meet the basic needs of the family. Women used to work within the confines of the household so that they could attend to the needs of the children. The children were forced to work so that they could alleviate the misery of the family.

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