Chemistry

Efforts to improve chemical syntheses of aza-nucleosidesThe treatment of cancer has been a focus of many biopharmaceutical companies. In the recent past, the companies have allocated their resources to immune ecology to develop the treatment. Among the efforts, the most promising strategy is initiating the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING). STING aid in achieving an immune response that results in a durable anticancer outcome (Yuan et al....

Orthogonal Deprotection in Organic SynthesisAs the number of chemical syntheses and biological applications has grown over the last two decades, researchers have been increasingly interested in photographic protective groups, often known as photocages. It was proposed that high-energy photons rather than chemicals be utilized, which resulted in the development of a diverse spectrum of photocages, the chemistry of which has been thoroughly expl...

Irradiated Microstructure and Role of Microchemistry in IASCCOne of the critical problems that affect the cracking of light water reactors core components is the irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (IASCC) 7. Austenitic stainless steel was irradiated in reactors so that studies on IASCC could be conducted. Irradiated microstructure and the role of microchemistry in IASCC were investigated in this study 3. The influence o...

Reaction between Iron (III) ( and Thiocyanate ions (. Discussion and Conclusion The present’s set-up was to study the reaction between Iron (III) ( and thiocyanate ions (, in an aqueous solution that reduces a complex ion,  via a ligand exchange reaction. Through quantitative preparations of various solutions and successive measurement of the absorbance of the solution utilizing a spectrometer, the concentration of was o...

How pH affects the stability of proteinsIt is essential to understand the stability of proteins during different processing conditions because this affects the safety and quality of food products. Changes in pH can significantly affect the stability of proteins, especially for high-sugar or low-acid foods. It is because the pH controls how many hydrogen ions are present in the solution, determining how much interaction will occur between diffe...

Determination of the Ideal Gas Constant "R" using Carbon Dioxide. (Report 3 digits for this exercise. No points will be deducted for significant digit errors.) (20 points) Mass of beaker (optional) Mass of plastic bag (optional)   : Temperature (in the bag)  : 10 oC = 283.15 K Volume of plastic bag : 4.000 L = 0.004 m3 Barometric pressure       &nb...

What is it?Polyhydroxy acids, closely related to AHAs, are mostly preferred owing to their ability of breaking down the dead skin cells with limited irritation. They are as such ideal for people having ultra-sensitive skin. Just like any other acids, Polyhydroxy Acids, through regular chemical exfoliation may aid in the brightening up of the face as well as evening out the texture. Polyhydroxy acids as well aid the other skincare based product...

Overview of Carbohydrates1 Hexanamine and triethylamine have the same molecular weight of 101.190 amu. Despite this similarity, the boiling points of 1 Hexanamine and triethylamine are 131.5° C and 89.5° C respectively. Explain the reason for this variation in the boiling points of these two similar The two types of amines have hydrogen atoms bonded to thenitrogen atom and thus are capable of hydrogen bonding. However, this bon...

Chromatin and its Structure in Eukaryotic ChromosomesChromatins are a complex of nucleic acids either RNA or DNA that condenses to a chromosome during cell multiplication. In eurokaryotic (organisms with membrane bound nucleus) cells the chromatin is found within the nucleus where it helps in packaging of DNA into smaller volumes so as to fit in a cell. It also strengthens the DNA to allow for the process of meiosis and mitosis The chromo...

The Process of Gold FingerprintingGold fingerprinting is a technique for categorising a specific component created of gold, grounded on the impurities it encloses (Liu et al. 2008). The process adopts a qualitative approach from the unusual patterns created by the small and trace element impurities present in gold. The production of the Golden Bullion Bank offers an efficient means of determining the source of gold.  It is usually used...

Color Fading and its CausesThe molecular attraction of the pigment in the garment loses the molecular attraction with the fabric that alternatively results in color fading. The chemical reaction results in incorporating the dye with the fabric as a part of the fabric as a layer of the fabric. UV light sources could lead to the reduction of the intensity absorption of the materials those have been dyed and this phenomenon can be termed as the ...

Drug DiscoveryMedicinal chemistry is a subject at the intersection of chemistry, specifically synthetic natural chemistry and medical speciality. Also is medicinal chemistry and embedding of other biological expertise, which are necessitated with design, chemic production and growth for market of pharmaceutical products (medicine) (Hughes, et al., 2011). Compounds employed in medical utilization are vast often natural compounds that are oft se...

Methods: Macro Kjeldahl – Determination of Protein in FlourProtein is an essential part of life as it is found throughout the body – in the bone, skin, muscles and every body part or tissue. It also makes up enzymes that are responsible for chemical reactions and haemoglobin that carries oxygen in the blood. Generally, the body makes amino acid (AA), which is the building blocks of protein (Wong, Aziz, and Mohamed, 2008). However, ...

The aim of the question is to obtain Km and Vmax and also to determine the type of inhibition of A and also the type of inhibition of B. To answer the question of the type of inhibition, we will plot the graph on inhibitor A and inhibitor B together with the graph of S. We will use the graph to determine the competitive inhibitor and non-competitive inhibitor. According to the first graph enzymes inhibitor A is the competitive inhibitor s...

John Dalton's Description of AtomAll the substance is made of atoms. It something we currently take as a known, and one of the things one learns at the chemistry classes. In spite of this, notions about what an atom is are amazingly latest. A century ago, researchers were still arguing what precisely an atom seemed like.  This paper takes a look at the important simulations suggested for the atoms, and in what way they varied over a perio...

Advantages of ValidationThe concept of validation in the pharmaceutical industry has continuously been explored from 1978 in the U.S and even further advanced since 2011 as a result of technological development. The idea of validation has grown over the past decade to incorporate some activities from the quality control of medications using analytical methods to technical applications for clinical trials (Walsh et al., 2013). Therefore, valida...

Metabolic EngineeringFrom biotechnology viewpoint, fatty acids are energy sufficient and are thus integrated into intracellular lipid. Lately, fatty acid metabolism has got a considerable focus as a pathway for generating high-density transference gasses.  Lignocellulosic constituents comprise mostly of three polymers: hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin (Kim, Ximenes, Mosier and Ladisch 2011). The Lignocellulosic feedstock requires ...

Existence of G-Quadruplex Structure within the Human ChromosomesThe functions and conformations behind the G-quadruplexes have increased interests about considerable amounts of researches since there has been the revelation of G-quadruplexes and G-tetraplexes telomeric DNA (Chen et al. 2016). This is because, the structure of these types is actually the subtstrates for telomerase and the stabilizers of quadruplex also have a potential of servi...

Factors Affecting Boiling PointsAt a certain temperature, vapour pressure of a given liquid reaches a point equivalent to pressure of its surrounding. This temperature is defined as the boiling point of such a substance. Organic compounds exhibit a fascinating trend since they tend to have boiling points based upon certain characteristics particular to every organic compound. According to Burger, Baibourine, Bruno (2011 p.89), organic compound...

Methods of Combinatorial ChemistryCombinatorial chemistry is a novel method created in the pharmaceutical sector, which comprises the production of substances in bulk instead of a lone substance, which is selected as a complete blend for specific biological action.    Due to quick creation of compound, the technique saves cost and time connected with the drug discovery.  In this novel period of medicinal chemistry, the focu...

The Benefits of Plastic Manufacturing with PolyethylenePlastic is one of the most plentiful substances in the sphere.  It is a carbon-based amorphous compact and is favoured for its low-priced invention costs, thermal and mechanical capabilities, durability and stability. Plastics can be dealt with into two various classes in view of the thermal features: thermoset and thermoplastics plastics. Thermoplastics undergo reversible processes w...

Synthetic Inorganic ChemistryInorganic chemistry defines the study of the creation, synthesis as well as the characteristics of compounds that are not having carbon-hydrogen bonds in their structures. Inorganic chemistry handles the synthesis and conduct of the inorganic as well as organometallic compounds. In as much as some of the inorganic species may be achieved in the pure forms from nature, quite a large number of them are often synthesize...

Carbon Capture and UtilizationThe impact of fuel from the fossil to the energy portion in the globe will endure to be greater than nuclear and renewable in medium and short tenure.  Similarly, the course of industries likes aluminium, iron, cement, paper and pulp, and processing plant, has intrinsic CO2 releases due to raw material conversion. Carbon capture and utilisation (CCU) denotes the detention of anthropogenic CO2 and it...

How Anisidine Value Test WorksImportance of Anisidine Value Test in the food industry Principles of Anisidine. Anisidine Value test is normally used in the assessment of the secondary oxidation of the products such as fats and oil.  Górna? et.al (2014). An alternative RP?HPLC method for the separation and determination of tocopherol and tocotrienol homologues as butter authenticity markers: A comparative study between two Eu...

The Theory of Boiling Point of a CompoundA compound is identified by either its physical properties or chemical properties. Physical properties of a subsistence are those properties which can be measured or observed without changing the matter composition, such as the polarity, solubility, density, melting and boiling point, odor, color, texture, appearance, etc. In this essay, boiling points of inorganic given compounds are discussed. The boi...