About Safwan's Curry Paradise
Safwan's Currie Paradise is a renowned United Kingdom's largest provider of cultural as well as halal nourishment. The goal of this food vendor is to create authentic homespun halal dinners using Granny's old recipes. This organization has worked hard to establish a positive and nutritionally balanced relationship with its customers since its establishment in 1998. This organization offers real, ethnocultural dining options to make customers feel at ease when they are away from home. To cater to religious interests, vegetarian and non-vegetarian foods are made independently. Halal food is produced following Sharia law.
The United Kingdom will be having 3.3 million Muslims by the year ending 2022. In the coming years, the population of Muslims is projected to increase significantly. The halal food market in the United Kingdom is presently valued at $4.5 billion and therefore is predicted to undergo a rapid growth at a rate of 5percent each year. Halal products are available from well-known UK grocery chains such as Asda, Tesco, and Sainsbury's. Safwan's Curry Paradise, as is said, does have sufficient time for growth in the UK halal market and attracts additional UK clientele (Endah & Nur Hadiati 2018). Safwan's Currie Paradise creates intuitive and easy as well as fully prepared meals that are enjoyed by a large number of people. Given the high quality and deliciousness of the products, the business has seen a tremendous increase in sales, thanks to their solid customer relationships thus enhancing their brand image. Food donation is a common practice in retail stores, and thus risk evaluation needs to take this into account and maybe identify more dangers as a result of these practices.
To begin, any organization specializing in food production must strictly adhere to Good Practices of Manufacturing to provide wholesome food that meets the customer's needs. Then there are the standards for Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HCCP), which must be followed by every food company. A food processing industry needs to have specific fundamental hygienic protocols in place before implementing the HCCAP research. According to Taha et al. (2020), some of the factors that need to be considered before venturing into the food industry include; material standards, staff training, the final product, and supplier approval. Safwan's Curry Paradise is responsible for making fine delicacies that are wholesome and credible.
Allergen is essentially a protein that stimulates the overall fitness as well as immunological responses and is commonly found in meals nowadays. At least more than one technique can be used: the first one is to utilize essential programs to manage allergies, like employing effective supply chain management and preventing allergens from entering the facilities, as well as applying rigid measures to prevent any possibilities of cross-contamination (Soon et al. 2020). The foundation of avoiding allergy concerns is good production procedures. Separating endotoxin substances from the other allergen-free materials as well as distinct allergen-containing substances can be done in several ways. Verification of recipes, structure, and design of instruments, training, post-production and packaging management, motion management, space, internally branded managing and production, cleaning, machinery, and other allergenic hazards are all factors to consider (Arendt & Maryse 2018). (Refer to appendix 1).
The Halal Food Market in the UK
Inventory control is one of the functions of management that deals with the purchase, handling, storage, and the use of materials to reduce waste and losses, maximize efficiency, and ensure accountability for various processes through paper checks, bookkeeping, accountancy, as well as other devices (Srai & Lorentz et al. 2019). As stated by Albert et al. (2018), the six principles of purchasing in management apply in purchased material management, and include; the right quantity, the right quality, the right price, the right place, the right time, and finally, the right source.
Correspondingly, materials of the right quality shall be purchased in the right quantity, at the right price, at the right time, and from the right place and source in this scenario. Correspondingly, the right quality materials will be collected in the right quantity, at the right time, and at the right price, from the right place and source in this scenario. The features of quality material should be determined first, and then communicated to the vendors. Uncertainty in the quality attributes can result in vendor misinterpretation and problems which include manufacturing halts, increased wastage, as well as other issues. Consumers, on the flip side, must buy commodities in the right quantities; otherwise, a greater waste output may result. This then guarantees that there will be no manufacturing halts or extensive hoarding (Limon, 2021). The correct quantities are specified in every purchase requisition. The quality of vendors' relationships, buyers' negotiating abilities, understanding of the potential buyers, and the dynamics of the competition all play a vital part in determining the right cost of the products (Prasad et al. 2018).
Following that, a dependable supplier must be selected in consideration of the quality of the products, quality of customer service, as well as efficiency in the delivery of the said products, among other factors. The suitable providers, on the other hand, must meet the right requirements before supplying. The inventory control manager must then evaluate the overall distribution of the bought supplies. Businesses need to maintain their constant interaction with the vendors to arrange the order delivery schedule. Material delivery must adhere to the specified purchase timeframe; otherwise, manufacturing will be halted, the overall operating system will be delayed, and product quality will suffer. Finally, the procurement department must supply the merchandise to the correct location (Albert et al. 2018). Conversely, procurement regulations management also involved assessing the condition of each commodity, calculating the quantities, classifying raw material, labeling the products, and stacking the goods in the correct location in the store. All expiration dates of the raw resources must also be noted (Prasad et al. 2018).
The International Commission on Microbiological Specifications of Foods (ICMSF) continues providing companies and governments with recommendations for controlling as well as evaluating microbiology food security in enhancing food performance standards. ICMSF proposes the Food Safety Objectives (FSO) as a prophylactic strategy for managing microbiological risks associated with food (ICMSF, 2018). The FSO evaluates hazards by identifying the greatest proportion of microbiological danger at the period of intake, or the optimum interval of risk occurrence. Such goal management also necessitates the deployment of HAZOP and CCP processes, GHP guidelines, products, processes, and criteria of acceptance, as well as performance measures. Such programs aid in achieving a prearticular FSO (ICMSF, 2018).
Food Safety Precautions for Providing Wholesome Food
As stated by Cole and Ryde (2018), the menu item descriptions, that are yet to be bought, are also required for food specifications. The meal products are recognized according to the list, and high-quality products are provided. Quality control measures must be followed for all dietary protocols and supplies procured. Furthermore, nutritional antigens shall be properly labeled, chemical compositions of foodstuffs need to be acknowledged, store requirements need also to be incorporated, modes of transportation must be identified, merchandise definition also need to be acknowledged, plastic wrapping requirements, handling, wellbeing, heat exchange details, as well as food security relating to distribution guidelines must all be acknowledged. A foodstuff specification document must incorporate its freshness, mass, size, and frozen properties (Eskola & Mari et al. 2020). Establishing an FSO, on the contrary, necessitates a determination of foodstuff danger rates that could be determined via quantitative hazard evaluation.
Among the most crucial processes in terms of food distribution organization is food storage. The structure of the business must incorporate the partitioned as well as an appropriate repository for the secure storage of food products, processed foods, machinery, as well as compounds (Rubio & Xiang et al. 2020). The following measures need to be met while assembling a factory:
- Accessibility to a variable washing atmosphere must be incorporated into the design.
- Defend against bacterial contamination.
- The storing conditions must be kept at the proper moisture levels to prevent food decomposition.
Depending on the nature of foodstuff created, different storage techniques exist; certain foodstuffs must be preserved at relatively low temperatures, while others need high temperatures. Temperatures between 5 and 60 degrees Celsius have a greater risk of microbial infection (Nottingham & Andrew et al. 2019). Foods that pose a high risk of contamination are often kept outside of this temperature gradient. According to Kavanaugh and Melissa et al. (2020), the sort of foodstuff to be preserved in a storage system influences the design. The traditional chicken balti and pilau rice, for instance, have a five-day projected storage life, as this is common knowledge that all foodstuffs have such a stowage constraint, so workers must be taught the awareness of food use expiration dates. Foodstuffs must be preserved in a suitable position, at the appropriate temperatures, as well as at the appropriate time (Kavanaugh & Melissa et al. (2020).
As stated by Kamboj and Sahil et al. (2020), foods from Safwan's Currie Paradise are frozen in blasting coolers beneath the 5°C mark because they lower food heat waves very quickly and effectively than traditional cooling techniques, preserving the flavor, freshness, as well as the nutritional values of the meal. Food security against bacterial development and pollution is ensured by chilling foodstuffs at an opportune time right after production. For that reason, they should not be kept at low temperatures that pose challenges to one's well-being. Foods that do not influence the growth of microorganisms or the formation of toxic compounds are exempt from this rule (Panghal & Anil et al. 2018). No food should be stored in uncovered containers in the freezer, and no hot foodstuffs should be placed in the chiller.
Defrosting hardened fish and meat can release a form of liquid that can aid the transmission of microorganisms to surfaces, dishes, and foodstuffs. As a result, any kind of meat or seafood should be stored on a solid receptacle at the bottom of the freezer, away from every foodstuff or surface (Limon, 2021).
Allergen Management and Prevention
Worms, skeletons, stems, and pieces of metal are examples of foreign particles found in many foods. The existence of foreign elements poses a serious risk to merchandise sanitary integrity, the image of the company, as well as the well-being of customers. The first three lines of defense are three different types of preventative tactics (Mohd Khairi et al. 2018). Enabling the distribution networks to recognize foreign substances that does away with other particles is the first line toward proper defense. Distributors must also offer supplies that are free of foreign bodies. The other pathway is the existence of recognition, prevention, and withdrawal of foreign substances, as well as the implementation and inspection of production to packing operations (Waldman et al. 2020). The final defense mechanism is environmental assessment in production regions and management of storage and distribution activities. In addition, adequate labor needs to be provided to supervise the operations, as well as clear documentation, needs to be kept throughout the production process.
Traceability: The free flow of ready meals and natural resources through their sources to their endpoints through into the distribution network, both reverse, and progressive steps is referred to as crop monitoring. According to a recent report by Food Standards Agency (2019), tracing foodstuffs guarantees that suitable, clear, and accurate paperwork, manufacture, delivery, and refining of components and agricultural items are all in place. The implementation of Food Business Operators systems (FBO), identifying dietary packs, tracing of information, maintaining records, and regular audits of electronic data interchange are all important aspects in building a track and trace technique.
First and foremost, FBO systems are required to track foodstuffs purchased from the vendors and sold or distributed to corporate buyers. Therefore in such a situation, Safwan's Curry Paradise's distributors must as well have FBO derivative system in place to track the commodities which have already been delivered to consumers (Karim et al. 2018). Every pack of foodstuffs needs to be identified to help improve the derivative of the system and lessen the likelihood of recalls for the commodities. The derivative information that is used to monitor foodstuffs a single step backward or ahead in the distribution channel uses some detailed particulars such as the name or address of the business, information regarding the commodity like its quantity, dates of distribution, transaction, pack codes, number of packs, size of the products, packaging details among others (Food Standards Agency, 2019). In pre-packaged circumstances, foodstuff records must be kept for some period not exceeding 12 months. Tracking is also essential to study items sold directly to consumers, meals served to customers and other situations. Merchandise invoices, payments, delivery paperwork, as well as other records may contain identifiable information. If this data is accurately kept, it becomes simple for the FBO or businesses to review how items are created, distributed, and what product attributes they have (Prasad et al. 2018). Product recalls are possible if comprehensive compilations of this data are available.
Product Recall: A product recall refers to a petition to refund a commodity after it has been discovered to have safety hazards or faults that might jeopardize the customer or expose the manufacturer/seller to legal proceedings.
Inventory Control for Maximum Efficiency
Disposal of hazardous materials, climate control, processing, and repair management are all recognized as problems at Safwan's Curry Paradise. As a result, integrity, and a resourceful, skilled team are required to lessen these concerns and constitute robust foodstuff security. Employees need to understand ICMSF, FSO, and HCCAP concepts, as well as foreign materials control, dangers, repair, business disruption, storing, and waste collection, among other things. To, actualize that, employees require clear instructions and therefore should be guided by a shared company aim of supplying customers with safe and high-quality foods (Prasad et al. 2018). GMPs are a collection of policies, methods, and approaches that companies must follow to meet safety, integrity, and hygienic requirements. An effective, well-organized, and well-planned training course would result in enhanced GMPs, encompassing sanitary conditions, operating processes (SSOPs), and well-documented guidelines that prevent the risk of cross-infection (Dombroski & Diprose et al 2020). Because of the implications, they have had on efficiency and security, SSOPs and GMPs are linked (Wu & Wang et al. 2020). All those who are visiting, external consultants as well as the workers in a foodstuff manufacturing facility need to be fully trained on matters of safety, manufacturing practices, manufacturing of foodstuff, and sanitary processes among others (Wardany 2020).
Problem |
Effects |
Results |
Inadequate supervision |
Food safety hazards are not being reported properly due to a lack of responsibility. |
Product recalls are becoming more common. |
Lack of experience |
Hygiene problems arise as a result of the formation of unsanitary environments. |
Product recalls have skyrocketed, and the brand's image has suffered. |
Food safety measures such as the HACCP principles are not being followed. Microbial hazards have increased, and harmful foods have emerged as a result. FSO, and others, have deteriorated consumer health. |
Increased microbiological dangers, as well as the production of hazardous foods |
Consumer health is deteriorating |
Table 1: Training needs (Source: Waldman et al. 2020).
The food industries are in dire need of implementing food production systems, HACCP, GMPs, and excellent hygiene practices to sustain food quality and safety. Bas, Ersun, and Kavanc (2006) insinuate that in most cases, the companies apply the food safety systems and total quality management concomitantly in each production phase to expedite the rate of food production. However, the Codex Alimentarius Commission, (2003) code of practice issued GMP procedures to guide factory construction. Besides, this code of conduct requires a modernly planned design and the suitable facilities needed for the construction. Additionally, the code of conduct should meet the recommended guidelines and also consider the nature of the product to be manufactured. In exceptional situations, the code may also call for a professional expertise skill for the execution of an effective plan. For this reason, there are various considerations made while planning a design which include;
- The ease of to access the required necessities
- The appropriateness of the environment where the factory should be constructed.
- The operations type
- Suitable equipment and facilities and a guide on how they are located.
- The assessment of risks and hazards and how they relate to the construction work.
In line with the recommended guidelines for the construction of a suitable food production factory, the considerations named above yield tremendous results when followed professionally. Nevertheless, to secure the production of an efficient GMP concerning its productivity, there are control measures required for the factory design and layout. These measures include but are not limited to;
- The provision of all the required amenities and paraphernalia for process control with the inclusion of temperature control and other related controls in the production system.
- Reduction of microbial load through physical, chemical, and microbial contamination, including air-borne.
- Availability of sufficient ventilation to eliminate the stuffy smell and air stagnation such as steam and exhaust fumes. This measure ensures that there is no contamination of food packaging materials and contact surfaces.
- The accessibility of effective pest control management is performed frequently to shun pest infestation.
- Provision of easy to clean surfaces and materials to prevent toxicities and non-durability.
- Permission of frequent effective maintenance and disinfection, and cleaning.
There is a comprehensive description of control measures executed in a factory design and construction and the guidelines on how to manage a work area during glass breakage, courtesy of the code of Federation Regulations (2020). This code issues instructions to companies to secure lighting systems by investing in safety bulbs or fixtures that are suspended above the food products during processing. As far as food safety is concerned, this code classifies plastic storage materials and work surfaces as a source of physical contamination. According to Safe food 360, (2013), the policies and procedures are the most crucial and first measures of managing an effective production system during plastic and glass breakage. Safwan Currie's Paradise Products guidelines for handling merchandise and glass and plastic contamination are derived from the glass and plastic control procedures. Glass breakage is a risk incident in areas with uncovered products or raw materials. In case of broken pieces of glass located in the food production or processing area, the quality and supervision department should be alerted immediately. Therefore, the involved leaders take action as the quality assurance personnel ensures remedial steps and corrective actions are performed. After the glass or hard plastic breakage report is documented, the type of risk caused compels the industry to perform an audit where an exhaustive audit process is recorded and managed with corrective actions.
Purchasing Principles and Procurement Regulations
· All the processing undertakings in the incident area are stopped. · Limit movement to the incident area until the area is cleaned. · Perform inspection of products in the incident area to clear the doubts of contamination and to the sealed products, inspect and clean with protective gears on, while to the exposed products, isolate, weigh, record weight and destroy them. · Clean up and collect the debris in the designated glass contaminant bin. Perform a post-clean-up inspection for materials and footwear and take corrective action. · Clean affected apparatus and repair impaired objects. · Segregate personnel in the incident area, they change clothes and inspect the clothes and footwear before laundry activities. · Perform a post-cleanup inspection for cleaning materials and take corrective action. · Retain a photograph of the repaired objects. · Conduct quality assurance inspection and resume work. · Prepare a detailed incident report with action.
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In food production, utility incorporates energy, air, coolant, heat, gases, and water, among other factors. In line with Bhagwat, (2019), water is a significant asset in food processing. Food shelf life and safety are also determined by its water activity. The quality of water is the key concern in food production. For this reason, water used in food industries should be tested against pathogens, impurities, undesired color, and odor, among others. Conversely, air quality if not maintained, it causes airborne contamination. Maintenance of air quality help reduces odor and ambient temperature, thus ensuring food safety.
Food equipment is grouped into various selections which include; parts of machines, utensils, ancillary, and machines. Conversely, the food processing industry has labor-used equipment which includes spoons, cutleries, meat tenderizers, compressors, and packaging, among others. However, food equipment must comply with some of the food regulations to be used in the food processing industry. The compliance regulations are as follows;
- Food equipment is subjected to assessment to inspect the debased water, fuel, and grease.
- The equipment used to measure water activity, temperature, humidity, motion, and pH is upgraded time after time to ensure accuracy and effective outcome.
- All food equipment is supposed to be monitored, cleaned, and sanitized daily before use to prevent the possibility of allergens and foreign matters attached to them from mixing with food that may result in food degradation.
- The food safeguarding equipment such as deep freezers and refrigerators should have gadgets that are capable of predicting temperatures to sense the food temperature in the compartment.
In a food processing industry, the waste removal receptacles are supposed to be established next to the food management room and in a convenient position for the industrial kinds of stuff and functions (Aslam & Huang et al. 2020). Additionally, the containers that aid in the removal of waste should be easily identified and accessed by other receptacles. The containers that are used in expelling waste in food arrangement rooms are supposed to be solicited if they are infrequent use and are depleted. The containers should always have pedals. To ensure safety waste expulsion, the food production industry should consider setting up a zone of a reasonable size that can uphold the waste that is pending removal. When the food pending removal is expelled from the management rooms, it should be set in the firmly secured squander capacity. Moreover, Kielesinska (2018) advises that during waste removal activities, a plastic liner should be used and disposal cans are washed daily.
Pest control in the food industry is another significant activity that ensures reduced food loss and food quality and safety. Different types of pests are drifting into the food safety room from the fields that may cause corrupted surfaces and destroyed foodstuff (Garay & Bon et al. 2020). Therefore, pest control activities are ensured through a collaborative IPM which is promoted by an equipped personnel.
- Pests are attracted to the foods and have a secure harbor in food production facilities. They can infiltrate the foodstuff facilities and set up shop in many locations, contaminating walls, substances, equipment, and food products.
- Insects and rodents control is mainly maintained through,
- An informed worker is believed to encourage a cooperative IPM (irritation board program).
- Considering raw resources, packaging, fastening, divisions, and automobiles in the analysis of components
- Having enough water and food is essential.
- Rodents must be checked in all food storage areas and chambers, and stagnant water must be removed.
- Misspend is stored in pest affirmation receptacles, and capable zones are cleaned properly.
Waste material emerges at every phase of manufacture in all restaurants, and it must be handled very well to avoid ecological pollution and potential workplace safety hazards. Wastage as well as other undesired items obtained in the manufacturing process have such a substantial influence on food pathogens (physiological or microbial), which is harmful to one's health. Garbage products should not be allowed to re-enter the manufacturing processes upon being classified as waste. When toxic substances are not effectively handled on-premises, pest infestations multiply more quickly, which could also influence the process of microbiological growth. Implementing preventative and administrative measures will help to mitigate the problems related to limited waste disposal (Food standards agency, 2019).
Refrigerate cottage cheese and baked products. Milk products, on the other hand, can be stored in a refrigerator as long as the temperature remains consistent. Yogurt, dairy, butter, cheeses, as well as other milk-based products all need a temperature range.
Precooked meals, however, should be kept refrigerated until ready to consume, particularly rice, cereals, egg whites, chicken, seafood, and veggies.
Smoked meats, particularly sliced reconstituted meats such as ham, must be kept frozen until ready for consumption in a heating or cooling environment.
Foodstuffs that are ready to eat
Veggies, made by mixing green leaves, wilted spinach, and mayonnaise-containing goods must all be chilled before consumption.
Cakes and combination goods that are unprepared or incompletely boiled
This includes spaghetti with processed chicken, seafood, and veggies, as well as pancakes
Merchandise must be kept in the fridge until they are ready for consumption.
Depending on the kinds of foods that need climate control, the commodity would be labeled in a particular fashion with use-by dates and a reminder to store it in the refrigerators.
A portion of what was captured above could be retained or choreographed to the point where the requirement for temperature regulation is altered. This will be seen on the package.
Non-conformance records are retained and documented to determine non-confirming edible goods, which signifies the commodities are infested with germs, chemicals, and physical risks. This aids the organization in determining the source of infection.
Individual hygiene: food workers should maintain a high degree of personal hygiene, which includes:
- Individual tidiness: Food handlers are required to maintain a high standard of cleanliness
- When it comes to hand hygiene, there are some steps to follow. Washing of hands is required before eating.
- Regulating the inclination of those who may bring foodstuff degradation, such as spit, eating, scratching, and other methods of handling raw meals and muddied substances.
The HAACP strategy entails a systematic review of the business's anticipated actions to obtain specialized data as well as major product development and remediation. The HACCP team, it may be argued, requires accurate information throughout every element (Osei-Tutu, 2018). Assessments can be regarded as specialized data to find an acceptable number of information linked to dietary workouts, particularly on food sanitization issues. Collaboration is essential in independent enterprises for executing a HACCP strategy. The HACCP group must meet with important models in a coordinated manner, which may include; the group must have sufficient knowledge and be capable of spotting threats and implementing appropriate measures. The team can include employees who have access to pertinent information about the monitoring process.
Pilau rice alongside Chicken Balti was picked as the product. The list below includes the product's components:
Salt with black pepper |
|
Oil |
Chicken breast pieces |
Cumin |
Lime juice |
Lemon juice |
Yogurt |
Ginger |
Black sauce |
Paste of garlic |
Salt |
Chilli powder |
Coriander powder |
Peppermint |
Table 3: Chicken Balti ingredients (Source: Farrington & Hannah 2021)
It is regarded as among the main products of Safwan Currie heaven and is used to cook chicken Balti and pilau rice. The key sauce oil, together with chopped onion, mixed garlic ginger, and chili flakes, is heated up in an oven skillet in the preliminary stages of cooking. After roughly 15 minutes in the oven, the additives are added to the and simmered for an additional 5 minutes at very low heat, proceeded by the addition of chopped tomatoes and simmered for a further 10 minutes. More water is then poured into the sauces as needed, and the sauce is then moved from the oven platter to the tray for chilling using only a shot cooling system at temperatures beneath 5.
Following the production of food, an evaluation was carried out, which includes determining the degree of flavor, improvements in the exterior, and microbiological inquiry to comprehend the growth of germs.
The spreading of chicken with pilau rice is a frozen foodstuff that is prepared and placed for 5 days
before being used. The product is then transferred to a package that has metal indications in a high-risk zone, as well as a package that includes a sign that mentions the mending and frying technique.
Quality control aims to eradicate challenges with security mostly in early project phases, and having a well and implemented HACCP would enable this because it provides the foundation for these other processes. The HACCP group is responsible for drawing up flow diagrams that include all phases of the item's production. All processes in the manufacturing phase must be examined when adopting a HACCP plan, as well as those that come before and after.
Personnel with a thorough understanding of the execution activities must be given the chance to compare the sequence diagram to the planning phase and, if required, make changes to processes.
A Layout of Safwan’s Curry Paradise Layout of Safwan’s Curry Paradise (Source: Mao & Wang et al 2018)
The HACCP plan must be approved and confirmed, even though it may seem insignificant (Dzwolak 2019). Such is the reason why, in that scenario, further information is essential. As a result, confirmation is thought to be carried out to establish the truth. That's the way it may be deduced that perhaps the product should be heated to a given temperature for a definite amount of time to kill microorganisms or germs. In addition, confirmation is supplied on time and temperature to guarantee that the tasks that have already been arranged are carried out.
Operations of rehabilitative, basic trimmed marks that have also been acknowledged by personnel are more likely to be documented mostly in course of developing all the information of the CCPs (Kudashkina, K., Corradini 2022). Records shall be kept to illustrate the use of fundamental functions. Furthermore, documentation tends to stimulate formal checks performed by skilled and gifted individuals since they allow them to demonstrate how operations are done.
After the discussion, observation of the workouts, and different assorted variety of knowledge, such as tracing, a methodology flow chart must be generated utilizing Form 3. The approach channel diagrams will identify the essential methodological experiences that took place during the creation of the item being evaluated. There should be enough detail to be useful in spotting danger, but not so much that it burdens the strategy with very few vital core interests.
All comprehensive documentation of the whole operations should be kept and maintained by the business.
The business must have a contingency plan in place in event of a loss.
Every section of the corporation must be sanitized, as well as every employee needs to heed the directions of supervisors (Rosak-Szyrocka and Abbase, 2020).
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