The Emergence And Evolution Of Black September Organization (BSO) Terrorism

Your Task: Case Study 

Prepare a Case Investigation on your chosen organisation from the Propaganda Brief, which critically assesses the emergence, evolution, and end of the terrorist organisation, with reference to theory and evidence. 

This assessment is designed to develop your insight into how and why terrorist organisations rise, evolve, diminish – or alternatively, persevere.  Consider the effectiveness of counterterrorism approaches against the organisations. You must address the following Elements of Analysis: 

Please choose" Al Fatah/Black September Organisation (BSO)" and prepare the case investigation for this.

Your analysis is to follow the requirements of academic essay writing, and should cover the following subheadings. Subheadings (those in bold) must be used in your submitted document. 

• Introduction 
  • Formal academic introduction, which should orientating the Case Investigation by introducing the chosen group, presenting the argument upfront, and outlining the essay sequence
• Emergence
  • Triggers:  what historical events and issues led to the emergence of the group
  • Intent: what was the objectives of the group and/or prominent leaders, and did it correspond with actions 
  • Ideology: what foundation concepts and ideas underlie the groups' ideology, and provide a premise for action
    • Emergence should be a significant element.
• Evolution  
  • Drivers: what factors, motivations, or changes in leadership influenced the evolution of the group?
  • Development: what significant attacks or events developed the group, or produced a change in strategy or direction.  
  • Look for trends, patterns, or shifts in violent methodologies.
• End
  • Counteraction: what initiatives were undertaken to counter the violence, or what other issues constrained the group? Critically evaluate the effectiveness - was the response ethical and proportional?
  • Cessation: if the group ended, what brought this about? If the group is still active, make an assessment of their future prospects.
    • This should be a significant element.
• Conclusion
  • Formal academic conclusion, which should be a summary of the major argument and points,  orientated directly to the research question. Do not add any new information in the conclusion.

The Emergence of Black September Organization (BSO)

The term ‘terrorism’ means terrorist, which was first referred by the French philosopher François-Noël Babeuf in the year1794 during French Revolution but it has gained popularity in the year 1970 throughout the conflicts of the Basque Country, Northern Ireland, and Palestine. Terrorism in its wider sense can be referred to as the exercise of violence for obtaining religious or political objectives. Such a force has been used to create violence and disturbance all through the peacetime or further at the time of war in opposition to civilians and military populace. It can be said that terrorist activities do not achieve their goal immediately, it is a continuous practice. For example, the random exercise of suicide attacks since the 1980s onwards symbolizes through the 11^th September’s twin tower attacks in the New York City and Washington, D.C that happened in the year 2001. It can be seen that there exist numerous definitions of terrorism, and each has no proximity to each other. Terrorism can be referred to as a indicted term and it has often been used with the implication of something which is morally incorrect. In this regard, the governments and non-state groups often use this term to abuse or condemn the contrasting groups. There is no agreement regarding the declaration of terrorism as a war crime. The legislation is an order to declare terrorism as a crime and also laws referring to the standardized act that can be declared as a terrorist activity that has been approved in many states. It can be seen that various political organizations has been alleged to employ terrorism in order to achieve the goal of their organization. These groups are revolutionary, religious groups, nationalist groups, and ruling governments. One such organization was the Black September Organization (BSO), which was a Palestinian terrorist organization, and also was a member of Fatah. The group was established during the second half of 1970. Though firstly it has been seen that Black September was just referred to as a division of Fatah, which was specifically formed during the initiation of the "anti-Jordan terrorist front", but it needs to be treated as a different subject while discussing activities of a terrorist organization. The reason behind consideration is that the Black September organization has lasted for 4 years but even if within such a short time-span, the organization though their activities have left such a deep impact upon the modern society by which many generations will remember this heinous terrorist monsters with a tremble. This study aims to discuss the emergence and evolution of this organization in world history.

The Evolution of Black September Organization (BSO)

The extent of unkindness of this terrorist organization had overridden the other ultra-radical terrorist organizations such as George Habash, Abu Jihad, Naif Havatame, and Wadi Haddad. Even the other existing extremist Palestinian terrorist organizations have joined the Black September because the terrorists involved with these organization has planned to create a total outrage regarding terrorist activities. The name of this group has been derived from the Black September conflict which has started on 16 September 1970, during that time while the King Hussein of Jordan invaded military rule in reply to the fedayeen’s attempt to grab hold of his kingdom. Such an attempt of confiscation has resulted in the expulsion and life loss of thousands of Palestinian fighters. The Black September organization has started its operations as a small cell of Fatah men who are settled on to take revenge upon King Hussein and the Armed Forces of Jordanian. In this organization, the recruits from the PFLP, and other groups also joined. Initially, the members were rebellious within the Fatah who were closed to Abu Ali Iyad, who was the commander of Fatah forces in the territory of northern Jordan and who has continued their fight with the Jordanian Army after the withdrawal of PLO leadership. On 23 July 1971, Abu Ali Iyad was murdered allegedly by virtue of execution, by the Jordanian forces. While mentioning about the status of the organization, Abu Ali Iyad in his book ‘Stateless’ mentioned that Black September was a backup unit of the resistance movement, especially when the latter was not successful to comprehend its political and military potential. It has been seen that the members of the organization have always denied any kind of connection between the organization and Fatah. After having a look at the history of the organization, it can be said that there is a need to discuss the political situation when the organization came into force. It can be seen that after the end of the 1967 war refugees who were huge at numbers, started settling down in the Kingdom of Jordan. The province has started looking like a rear base of the Palestine Liberation Organization. However, Jordan during their work had extensive losses both under the military terms and also through domestic policy. This is also because of the claim of the Palestinian organizations regarding the authority to regulate the operations of their fellow citizens and, also their wish to handle the political power in Jordan. Prior to several clashes that took place in the year 1969 and the first half of 1970 amongst the Jordanian security forces and the Palestinians, the royal army during September 1970 has started taking decisive actions. After several weeks of the clash, it has successfully taken control of the zones where the people have been settled from Palestine. However, in the next year, Palestine tried to get back to their previous possession. Syria, who was with Palestinians in this war, took a significant part during the whole period of conflict. Thus in September 1970, there was a still prevailing civil war in Jordan, which has resulted in the loss of life of thousands of Palestinians. It has been reported that on September 17, 1970 thousands of innocent Palestinian citizens were killed; and the majority of them have been found dead under tread tanks. These tragic incidents are known as "Black September" to the Palestinians. All these events gave rise to the establishment of the terrorist organization known as "Black September". Therefore, it can be said that it was made in the reminiscence of such tragic events of September 1970. However, in the beginning, a small terrorist cell was established for the vengeance to King Hussein; it further can be said to be comprised of the most flamboyant extremists of Fatah, who used to believe that cooperation is a mere waste of time. On the other hand, the terrorist conducts in the "Black September leadership was to make investigative operations. It can be seen that there exists no unanimous opinion among historians, reporters, and other primary sources regarding the characteristics of the BSO and also the limit up to which it was governed by Fatah, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) which was under the supervision of Yasser Arafat. The denial claim made by Abu Iyad's was referred as mutual as per an article published in the year 1972 in the Jordanian newspaper Al-Dustur., Abu Daoud Aka Mohammed Daoud Oudeh, who was a former senior PLO member made a statement to the Jordanian police that there is exists no organization in the name of Black September. Fatah further announces its operations under the mentioned name to make sure that Fatah does not come out as the direct perpetrator regarding the operation.  A document was further published in the year 1981 by the U.S. State Department further confirms the fact that Fatah is the parent organization of Black September. According to an American journalist named John K. Cooley, the BSO symbolizes a total disconnection with the old techniques and methods of operation of the fedayeen. It has been seen that the members of the organization operate through the air-tight cells of at least four or more men and women. Every members of the cell were purposely kept ignorant of the other cell. It has been seen that leadership was executed for this organization through intermediaries and where the leaders have remained outside of the organization. Cooley further wrote that many of the terrorist cells of Europe and other corners of the world were founded with the Palestinians and other Arabs members, who were stayed in the country as students, lecturers, diplomats, and businessmen, for a long time. The arrangement of operating without leadership can be referred to as a true collegial direction. The cell further needs to get adequate knowledge concerning the operational philosophy to ensure that the surveillance or apprehension of one cell would not affect the others. These structures have represented the reasonable deniability of the Fatah leadership, which was cautious enough to distance its activities from the Black September operations. According to the view of historian Benny Morris Fatah further required Black September. He mentioned that there exist problems regarding the internal PLO or Fatah cohesion, upon which the extremists were asking for greater militancy. As a consequence of such a pressure from the militants, a Fatah congress has founded the Black September Organization in August–September 1971 at Damascus. The new organization was said to be based upon Fatah's already prevailing special intelligence and security equipment and further used to operate from various offices of PLO. It has been seen that the PLO closed Black September down during its anniversary month in 1973. The idea behind closing it down according to the view of Morris is that the leaders came to know that there is no point in spreading terrorism and involved with terrorist activities abroad. In the year 1974, Arafat mandated the PLO to take out all kinds of terrorist activities from Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Israel.

Denial of Allegiance and Disagreements on Leadership

They are also several attacks that were performed by the Black September Organizations. The group was involved in the assassination of Jordan's Prime Minister Wasfi al-Tel during November 1971 after the PLO eviction from Jordan which took place in June of the same year. Along with this, several other attacks have been performed by the Black September's organization such as, on August 24, 1971, the organization and its members blew a bomb in Madrid, which created a hole in one of the planes that have been used by the Jordanian Queen mother Zein. Along with this, on 9th September 1971, another bomb was planned by the BSO in Jordan to damage the part of the Trans-Arabian Pipeline which is located near the Jordanian-Syrian border. The Black September Organization further bombs another pipeline on the 17th of September for a second time. On 11^th November 1971, the Black September further bombs another Intercontinental Hotel which was located in Amman, Jordan, by targeting the American citizens. On 15^th December of the same year, the organization attempted to assassinate Zaid Rifai, who was a Jordanian ambassador to the United Kingdom. Though he was severely injured, but somehow survived. On December 16 of the same year, the organization sent a bomb through a parcel to Jordan's UN Mission in Geneva. The bomb exploded during the time the police were attempting to detect the same, which had resulted in the injury of three people. During the year 1972, the BSO attacked an oil tanker in the Netherlands which was owned by Gulf Oil by setting it on fire through explosions. Black September claimed that they have attacked Gulf due to their aids to Israel. In the same year, five Jordanians who were alleged of spying for Israel were near the area of Cologne located in the territory of Germany and were killed by the Black September operatives. Another Motor factory in Hamburg was bombed by the BSO in the year 1972. The factory used to make electrical generators that were used in Israeli aircraft.  On  8th May 1972, the BSO and its members have hijacked the Sabena Flight 571 is hijacked and forced it to land in Tel Aviv. The Israeli commandos destroyed the plane after it lands on Tel Avid. During the gun battle in such an attack, one passenger and two hijackers died. It can be seen that, on August 5, 1972; a joint attack of  Black September and Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine operation blew up one of the six oil tanks, which has resulted in the damage of  $7 million. The attackers claimed that they did it because the facility used to supply oil to the region of Austria and West Germany. In the same year August, the BSO planted a bomb in the phonograph machine of El Al flight, which through its blow created a hole in the baggage compartment. In September 1972, BSO has suspected to attack Ophir Zadok, who was an official of the Israeli embassy. He was shot by two assailants. In October 1972, BSO sent a package containing bombs to the United Hias Society in Malaysia. The BSO again sent another bomb to addressed Hannah Goldberg, who was the former executive director of Hadassah but it did not explode during the time she tried to open the parcel containing the bomb. On October 29, 1972, a Lufthansa Flight was hijacked in Beirut. Two terrorists gave threats to bomb the aircraft if the three members of the Black September Organization, who were allegedly responsible for the Munich massacre are not released from their custody. The West German authorities agreed to comply with such a demand and they took the Munich attackers to Zagreb where the hijacked plane was boarded. However, it has been seen that the hijacked plane was compelled to fly to Tripoli, where all the hostages were released by the BSO and they have welcomed their members who were in custody a grand welcome. In the same year, the Cyprus police unveiled a plan made by the Black September organization to hijack a Cyprus to Israel plane. In the same year, a Fatah Official named Abdul Karin Fuheid was arrested in at London airport with the illegal possession of fifty rounds of ammunition and a firearm. The Black September demanded the release of their courier after this arrest. In 1973, Black September Organizations have made further threats to the families of Israeli Consulates. On January 27th, 1973, three members of BSO were arrested in the Austro-Italian border for their attempt to enter illegally to Italy. They were alleged to be a part of the operation named Schonau camp. In October 1981, October the BSO has exploded truck a truck through bomb outside a synagogue in Antwerp, which is located in the territory of Belgium. This bomb blast has resulted in the killing of three people and further caused injuries to 106.

The End of Black September Organization (BSO)

The operation of the Black September Organization started with the previously unseen, large-scale hunt in respect of the Jordanian diplomats and the members of the Jordanian government. That is the sole reason behind the carrying out of the first terrorist activity by this group was the killing of Wasfi al-Tal at Cairo on November 28, 1971, who was the Prime Minister of Jordan. The next famous terrorist activity, which has paved the way of Black September in the front pages of every newspapers of the world, was the abduction of the Belgian airliner of Sabena Airlines which happened on May 8th, 1972. It has been seen that four gunmen have confiscated the plane with more than 100 passengers and further threaten to burst the plane. The organization has further demanded the release of the 315 Palestinian who was in the prison of Israel. With the help of the unit named “Sayeret Matkal”, who stormed at the aircraft, the hostages were discharged however, one passenger along with four terrorists were killed. However, the most tragic and popular operation of this organization was the bloodshed that has happened in Munich on September 5th, 1972. The Munich massacre happened at the time of Summer Olympics in the year 1972 in Munich, which is located in the territory of   West Germany. It can be seen that the Black September Organization abducted eleven Israeli members, who were the part of the Israel Olympic team. The members at the first instance were kept as a hostage and then they were killed along with another West German police officer. When such a hostage-taking incident happened at the 1972 Summer Olympics, it was in its second week. The West German Olympic Organizing Committee chalked out a plan to remove the military image of Germany. The Committee was cautious regarding the image of Germany that has been portrayed during the 1936 Summer Olympics, which was purposely used by Adolf Hitler for his benefit. However, the nonexistence of armed personnel made the Israeli delegation head Shmuel Lalkin worried, even before the Israeli Olympic team has arrived in Munich.

On September 5^th, 4:30 am local time in West Germany, when the team of athletes was enjoying their sleep at their respective rooms in the building of the Olympic Village allocated for their stay, eight of the tracksuit-clad members of the Black September Organization attacked to those players. The terrorist members were carrying duffel bags which were loaded with Tokarev pistols, AKM assault rifles, and grenades, the range of which is scaled with a 6 1⁄2 ft or 2-meter chain-link fence along with the help of an unsuspecting athlete who was alleged to be sneaking around in the premises of Olympic Village. Initially, these athletes were identified as Americans, but later on, they were turned out to be Canadian Citizens. After entering inside, the Black September organization members have opened the two apartments which were being used by the athletes of the Israeli team through stolen keys at Connollystraße 31.  One of the wrestling referee named Yossef Gutfreund was awakened by hearing the sound of a dim scratching which happened at the door of Apartment 1, where the Israeli coaches along with the officials were staying. When he checked for the source of such noise, he saw the door was opened and a masked with guns is standing on the other side of the door. He then screams to give a warning to his other sleeping roommates and then threw a 135 kg (300 lb) weight against the door through a useless attempt to stop the impostors from entering further in the building. However, Yossef Gutfreund’s actions gave enough time to his roommate named Tuvia Sokolovsky, who was the weightlifting coach to run away by smashing a window. Another wrestling coach named Moshe Weinberg however fought with the intruders, and then he was shot by the terrorists through the cheek, and then they have compelled him to find the other members with the purpose to make them hostages. In such an incident, the gunmen were left with nine hostages. They hostages along with Yossef Gutfreund, are Kehat Shorr who was the sharpshooting coach, Amitzur Shapira who was the track and field coach, Andre Spitzer who was the fencing master, Yakov Springer who was the weightlifting judge, Mark Slavin and Eliezer Halfin who were the wrestlers, and the weightlifters named David Berger and Ze'ev Friedman. The official names of the members of the Black September organization, who have to lead this mission were "Ikrit and Biram. These two names have been given after the names of two Palestinian Christian villages whose citizens were thrown out by the Israeli Military in the year 1948. After such an attack, the Israeli government, which was governed by Prime Minister Golda Meir, passed an order to assassinate every person associated with such an operation the code name of which was ‘Operation Bayonet'. Based on this order, the Mossad unit had assassinated eight PLO members by the operation named Operation Wrath of God in the year 1979. Among all the assassination, there was one leading name was involved which is the name of Ali Hassan Salameh, who used to belong from the wealthy status and was the son of an upper-class family, and he was also the commander of Force 17, which was a part of Yasser Arafat's security squad. Salameh was alleged to be the mastermind of the 1972  Sabena Flight 572 hijack, which was going from Vienna to Lod. He was assassinated through a car bomb in the location of Beirut on January 22, 1979. In another operation named Spring of Youth, which took place in 1973, the Israeli commandos further killed three of the senior members of the Black September Organization in the location of Beirut. In 1973, in what during another operation referred to as the Lillehammer affair, six of the Israeli operatives were further arrested in Norway for the killing of Ahmed Bouchiki, who was an innocent Moroccan waiter and killed under the virtue of a mistake by believing him to be Ali Hassan Salameh. During one of the recent statement which was made by another alleged mastermind of the Munich abduction named Abu Daoud, the, he denied the fact of connection by stating that none of the Palestinians who were assassinated by Mossad had any relation with the Munich operation.

Effectiveness of Counterterrorism Approaches against BSO

End:

In December 1974, the Black September was suspended by Fatah. The reason behind such a decision might be the pressure that has been imposed upon the Black September by the Mossad. It can be seen that most of its membership was reappointed to other Palestinian groups. Furthermore, the Israeli government was very much determined to get revenge from the BSO for the deaths of their athletes in Munich, and thereby they have launched the Operation named Wrath of God. It has been seen that the members of the PLO around the globe, irrespective of their part in the Munich Massacre were being targeted by the Israeli Mossad, and subjected to the assassination. The Israeli army has also sent commandos to southern Lebanon to assassinate the senior members of the PLO and al-Fatah under an Operation named ‘Spring of Youth’. It can be assumed that through all these actions Arafat might have understood that terrorism is not going to help and thus disbanded the BSO at the end of 1973. In addition to this, the terrorist attack that took place in the Munich Olympics can be said to be a complete failure for the BSO. However, there was a complete lack on the part of the West Germany security arrangement. In the later interviews of the Munich Massacre, the Israeli delegation head Shmuel Lalkin mentioned that he had expressed anxiety to the appropriate authorities about the team's lodgings. It has been seen that the team was kept at a relatively isolated area of the Olympic Village and further on the ground floor of a tiny building which was close to the gate, which according to the view of Lakin place the wholes team at a vulnerable possession, especially to an outside assault. He further added that the West German authorities gave assurance to him regarding the arrangement of extra security to provide proper protection to the Israeli team, but Lakin presumed that no such extra precautions have been taken by the Olympic Village authority. It has further been seen that the Olympic organizers asked the West German forensic psychologist Georg Sieber to construct 26 potential terrorism scenarios to help the organizers to make appropriate planning regarding the security.

Conclusion:

Therefore, it can be concluded that the conflict amongst the terrorist groups and counter-terrorist power is similar to a stalemate at the end of the game of chess. In the case of terrorism, terrorist groups cannot obtain their ultimate objectives. However, counterterrorism forces cannot nullify the impact of terrorist activities on society. Therefore, there exists a never-ending quarrel amongst the state and non-state players without any foreseeable results. In the above-mentioned discussion, it can be seen that, though the BSO has been established with the purpose to take revenge on those innocent citizens who have been expelled from their homes with time, their activities became more violent towards other contexts as well. In addition to this, none of the missions planned by BSO has been successful and they were also unable to release any of the Palestinian prisoners through their continuous attacks. In addition to this, the maximum of their members has been assassinated by the Israeli army which has destroyed their leadership and manpower. Furthermore, the realization that terrorism will not help in achieving any sort of success has further acted as a catalyst to the suspension of the Black Member Organization.

Conclusion

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