Qualitative Data Analysis: Approaches And Methodology Essay.

This chapter reviews fundamental approaches to qualitative data analysis, with a particular focus on coding data segments for category, theme, and pattern development. Other analytic strategies include jottings, memos, and the formulation of assertions and propositions. Within-case and crosscase analysis are then compared for their unique advantages and contributions to the research enterprise.

Research Methodology

The study is focused towards the essential analysis and evaluation of qualitative data analysis. The focus will be towards understanding the essence of qualitative analysis for evaluating research subjects. The technique used in the research is empirical phenomenological analysis. The study has been made to understand how qualitative analysis can help towards effectively understanding a given subject matter. Empirical phenomenological analysis is the basic focus of the study. Phenomenological analysis is essentially an approach towards qualitative research that is psychological with a focus that is majorly ideographic. Thus, the research essentially analyzes the perception of a phenomenon by a person developed in a certain phenomenon. The study has effectively analyzed how people can make sense of a given situation through this type of qualitative research. Various empirical studies have been consulted to understand the significance of phenomenological research. The personal aspects of understanding a research has been essentially focused through the study. The study has made extensive use of theories and relevant literatures to effectively analyze the topic. Qualitative analysis of the subject has been given preference as the research is completely focused towards the essential presentation of implications that are derived from previous studies and related literature (Smith 2015). The broader concepts that are related to the concept of empirical phenomenological analysis have been evaluated through the study. The previous literatures have pointed towards the various aspects of phenomenological analysis that serve to elaborate on the psychological foundations of this type of research approaches. The psychological aspects of phenomenology have been given preference in the study.

Qualitative analysis is given preference over quantitative analysis in the study. This is mostly because qualitative analysis can help towards gathering effective information in regards to the relevant perspectives that exist. An observational process has been utilized for the clear understanding of the subject matter. Various problems can be observed through the process of qualitative research and the researchers can compose ideas to solve the problem. Qualitative methods were employed across educational institutions to develop an effective method for making and presenting projects by extensively using the methods of IBS.

In a qualitative research deeper investigation of research topics are possible. It provides an essential framework for more exploratory work to take place. Exploratory research help the in depth analysis of a topic and the research is not limited by the constraints of the general understanding of a topic (Van Manen 2016). This makes it easier to gather better information from a wide range of sources. The gesture and the posture of the topic can be essentially understood through the work.

The study is utilizing qualitative research as the work is dependent on results that are genuine and not dependent onany pre conceived information gathered from previous literary sources (Miles, Huberman and Saldana 2013). The voices that cannot be otherwise represented are being represented through the research. Thus, predetermined information has not been given much preference in the work.

Qualitative research has been deemed to be the most effective approach for carrying out the study. This is more so because these type of research procedure has effectively helped towards gathering information from sources that are the most important considering the study (Yin 2011). Moreover, through this research technique effective voice has been provided to the people that form the core information sources for the research. The research questions have been developed in order to help in the extensive understanding of the subject matter. The research can hence be able to elaborate on the stories that were known from the previous research. The aspects of power that often tends to affect the relationships between the interviewee and the researchers have been minimized through the implementation of the research. Thus, the participants were able to provide their free opinions in regards to the subject. The complex structure of the study was required in order to help the extensive research concerning the topic. A population group needs to be essentially studied through the research study (Miles, Huberman and Saldana 2013). This requires the study to rely on information that is more than predetermined through previous literature.

Research Design tests for empirical phenomenological analysis

The study has utilized qualitative research approach optimally in order to ensure that each of the significant aspects in focus for the research have been essentially covered (De Felice and Janesick 2015). As a significant aspect of the research approach for the study, the participants will be given the opportunity to review the research questions that have been formed. Qualitative research will help towards the better understandings of the situations. The interpretation of the research will be done in a better way as interpretation often depends on the information that was essentially gathered. The settings in which the problems are addressed by the participants are essentially analyzed through qualitative research (Marshall and Rossman 2014).

Mixed methods of research were used majorly to conjoin effective qualitative research with quantitative research. The two approaches thus, complement each other in order to help bring forward implications that are effective and conclusive. The qualitative research has been used in order to understand the viewpoints of the participants and the corresponding reasons behind them having those viewpoints in regards to the topic in focus.The theories can only partially describe a situation. The ground level significance of research topics depend on the ways in which the responses from the participants are affected by their real experiences. The real experiences can further help towards the effective evaluation of situations and the contexts in which theories can be applied can be more clearly identified.

The research utilizes a process of inquiry in order to analyze the factors that can lead to the success of the rebuilding process of a dilapidated school building. The school is to be rebuilt through the IBS methodby the project manager. The perspectives of the project manager will be essentially evaluated. The study will predominantly use the phenomenological interpretation analysis as a crucial research design. Empirical phenomenological research will be utilized towards gathering essential data in regards to the research. More emphasis is given towards using face to face interview methods that are semi structured (Lewis 2015). This has been used as a guidance for the better research of the topic. Audio tape interviews are taken and are reproduced as written transcripts and analyzed subsequently.

The usage of multiple methods of research in order to enhance the effective understanding of the gathered data is used as method triangulation. This method has been significantly in the research as it increases the effectiveness and reliability of a given data. The purpose for using this technique was to make the research completely based on real situations and their understanding (Miles, Huberman and Saldana 2013). The validity of the gathered data has been effectively enhanced through these techniques (Marshall and Rossman 2014).

The data will be essentially sourced from face to face interviews that are open ended. The observations will be compared to each other. The method triangulation process will be used towards effectively enhancing this process. The process will help towards effective data gathering concerning the project. The complexity of the project can be effectively evaluated through this system (VanScoy and Evenstad 2015). Interviews will help towards gathering data that will be much qualitative in nature. The pre-existing concepts concerning the research will be further enhanced through the usage of method triangulation.

Data triangulation process is an effective process towards validating information and information sources. The process requires the evaluation of data collected from a number of sources and their effective evaluation through the present study. Thus, a lot of cross checking of data takes place that naturally limit the error factors that might affect the study. The process can be used to complement both the qualitative and quantitative studies. Hence, it is quite flexible when used with any research study.

The process involves various researchers in the processes for validation of information. A single topic can have many researches that are conducted on it. Hence this type of research process essentially help towards gathering validation of the information through the consultation of widely available researches on the same research topic. This allows for the effective validation of information as a large number of consulted sources help towards more efficient evaluation of the implications that are gathered from the study.

Data triangulation

The method involves the essential collection of data from various sources concerning a single topic of research. The data is gathered from various sources and subsequently analyzed and evaluated to reach significant conclusions. The most relevant solutions are considered to reach the conclusive results of the study.

In this kind of research various qualitative and quantitative methods are used to for essential analysis of the research topic. Various tools like surveys, interviews, research of previous documents and other essential works are used in order to gain data. The various sources of data help towards effective analysis of the topic.

This method utilizes the various perspectives of study in order to gather essential information. Different sources of theoretical works are consulted in order to gain efficient knowledge of the subject matter. The various theoretical perspectives are taken into consideration to form conclusive results. The researchers can also utilize professional sources that are outside the field of study. The various perspectives are much essentially considered for the studies.

In this study methodological triangulation has been used more than any other research methods. This is because usage of this methodology helps the efficient and effective evaluation of the aspects that are intrinsically connected to the study. This type of study approached has been deemed to be the most effective for the study as it helps the thorough analysis of the subject. The various studies consulted can help towards the effective analysis of the subject.

The study will utilize the methodological triangulation process optimally. Information will be gathered through tools such as interviews, analysis of documentation and site visits. The interview process will be optimized through focus on gathering essential information. This information will be focused towards gathering relevant knowledge. The extraction of information will also be effectively done from the various other sources such as documents. Moreover, cross analysis of the documents and interviews can help toward efficiently discussing and presenting the data. Validation of the content will be done through referring to more relevant documents. Moreover, the study will focus on extracting data that is most crucial towards the proper evaluation of the subject. Comparative study of the research topic will be made in order to enhance the reliability of the collected data. This is the main reason behind selecting the methodological triangulation of data. Data analyses have been done in a way to help the detailed analysis of the topic. Significant consideration has been made for employing tools and techniques that can provide the core ideas connected with the subject. The problem analysis has been done in a way to increase the prospects of future researches that will be done in regards to the focus subject of the research.

Empirical phenomenological Analysis takes into consideration the various psychological perspectives that come into play while generating a perception in regards to a given subject matter. This kind of research is mostly used for mixed method analysis of the given research topic. The basic elements in this kind of research is the essential consultation of a wide ranges of sources in order to generate a clear conception of a subject. Phenomenology is concerned with the effective consultation of data. This is because it is believed through this type of research that all the essential researches in regards to a topic have certain similar grounds through which the topic itself can be greatly evaluated. Moreover, this type of research focuses on the fact that perception in regards to a certain topic is as important as the scientific assumptions that surround it. This type of research approach also crucially considers the value of theories towards the determination of value concerning a research. The contributions off all the previous researchers towards a research is given due credit while evaluating a subject. This also essentially helps towards the cross examination of the research topic. The psychological aspects that work towards people developing particular perceptions about certain occurrences or facts are strongly considered. The researches are essentially aimed towards understanding the various perspectives regarding a research that are available and the basic elements of their conception among the previous researchers. This kind of design has hence been employed to enhance the discussion of the research topic and its effective presentation. This has great been greatly effective towards gathering the most important conclusions from the research.

The empirical phenomenological processes have been used due to the systematic analysis of the subject that can be made possible through the utilization of this process (Mayoh and Onwuegbuzie 2015). This has also helped towards the essential assembling process and the establishment of guidelines in regards to the descriptions and their textual structuring. The study makes sure that the problems are examined in the best possible ways through the implementation of phenomenological process. Essentially the study utilizes the experiences of the various individuals and commoners towards establishing a system for enhancing the discussing and implicational procedures. Deeper understanding of the large research topic was bound to be only made possible through the implementation of the empirical phenomenology (Yin 2011). The philosophical concepts concerning phenomenology are having been considered. This means that the perception of the experiences of individuals has been evaluated on the context of the objective scenarios that are present. Objective reality and its relationship with experiences of the individual have been focused in the study. Questions have been asked to the participants on the basis of two broad aspects. They are what is the phenomenon that they have faced? And which are the situational contexts that have influenced the experienced phenomenon? There were other questions that were asked however the two questions served as the principal basis of the questions.

The usages of documents are essentially to corroborate or extend upon previous researches. Phenomenological research method makes this even more critical as it effectively considers the crucial experiences of the subjects. Documents can be effectively used towards the verification of titles, names, organizations and other important elements that are connected to a specific research. In case of phenomenological research documents have to be used a bit differently and along with the identification of significant information the contextual evidences are required that can provide essential data. This data will be in regards to the psychological effects of the situations on the respondents in which the data collection procedures took place. In bringing forward the study secondary sources have been consulted essentially. This has included data from books, journals and also relevant websites. Not many difficulties have been endured in the process of data collection for the study.

The interview has been made through open ended questions. Interview process has been conducted by adhering completely to the interview guidelines that suit the phenomenological research process. The study has utilized face to face interviews for gathering essential data from the respondents. The interviews have been taken through open ended questions that can help the respondents to give clear descriptions of their experiences and the phenomenon that have affected them. The interviews have been conducted in a friendly manner and comfortable environments (Bevan 2014). The questions have focused on the essential experiences of the respondents. The questions have been asked in a way in order to remove any bias or situational pressure that might affect the respondents (Gentles et al. 2015). Language barrier that are present in regards to the Malay language have been effectively addressed. Emphasis has been given towards finding the heart of the stories. Thus, a non-threatening simple conversational technique has been utilized in order to gather truly authentic data concerning the experiences of the respondents. The questions were designed in cause effect manners in order to simplify them for the respondents.

The data analysis strategy has been to count the data that is preliminary and the codes and various patters and themes have been noted. The data analysis scope are much greater in extended texts are concerned as there are much more room for the comparison, differences and detection in those texts (Callary, Rathwell and Young 2015). The various categories that have been utilized in order to classify and present information can lead to the formation of even further categories. The noting of patterns of information has been extensively done in the research. Abstraction strategies of analysis have been crucially used.

Another effective process of data analysis is spiral data analysis. In this approach no fixed linear approach is used and the process involves moving in circles of analysis. This is thus an ongoing process of analysis. The reflection is given though essential analysis of data. The interview results will be re-discussed with more insight in chapter 4 and chapter 5. The detailed outline of the topics will be given. Confidential information like the names, designations and other particulars of the respondents will not be provided. Tools like records, audio tapes will be kept at secure locations before being provided.

The study focuses on the analysis of how dilapidated schools of Malaysia are rebuilt through the usage of the IBS systems. The interview has been conducted among the project managers. Multiple cases have been used as reference in the analysis of the project.

Phenomenological analysis methods utilize the aspects such as speech, quotes and sentences to determine the experiences of the interviewees. These are then used to create phenomenological understandings of the research aspects. The questions are asked to understand the essential experiences of the respondents. A significant analysis is then done on the basis of the various experiences related aspects of the interviewees. Emphasis is then given towards the significance of those experiences in the psychological and contextual background of the subject. The perspectives of the respondents are essentially analyzed.

Moving forwards the researcher analyzes his own conception of the issue and the perspectives that were formed. The influences that affect the perception of the phenomenon of both the interviewee and the researchers are both essentially studied. The description of the context in which the participants faced the issues is also essentially analyzed in accordance with the responses. In all, the psychological perceptions of certain cause effect oriented phenomenon are considered for bringing about the crucial implications of the research.

The challenges to these types of researches are in relation to finding the exact experiences of the respondents. Hence, another crucial challenge is finding the right interviewees. This requires strong research work in relation to the analysis of the research. Thus, interviewees have to be selected on the basis of people that will be able to provide the most valuable insights into the psychological perception of the contexts of the research.

Qualitative research was done with the help of effective coding in the research. The narrative document was transformed into data that was partially processed. The audio was essentially codified into transcript documents. The transcripts were coded through the use of themes related to the analysis of the subject. The method of analytic abstraction has been essentially used for providing the data. The interviews have been effectively coded. The cross analysis of the codes were done along with the codified analysis of multiple cases. Qualitative data has also been transformed into numerical data that also involves frequency. A theory building program called the NVivo software has been used. Effective coding has been used in order to properly structure the study and data retrieval has been made easy. Step by step processes of effective analysis through effective use of coding have been used. Re- labeling of information have been done as and when required.

Various types of coding have been used for the effective research of the given topic. The researches have focused towards indicating that at various levels of the study various coding can be used. At different times of the research codes are used in various ways. The codes that have been used in the research are astringent. The ongoing data analyses of the research have been done with the help of the codes.

A systematic process of coding has been effectively utilized in the work. Initially the codes have been created at the very beginning of the data collecting process through the conceptual frameworks. The pre-development of the codes have helped towards the effective analysis of the various aspects related to the study. The codes have essentially helped towards the better analysis of the study. Codes are symbols that can be used to add meanings or assign value to the descriptive information that is available (Miles, Huberman and Saldana 2013). Information is generally gathered through various audio or video recordings of the respondents that are interviewed or questioned in regards to the research topic. The field notes are collected and need to be effectively processed before being reproduced in the form of analysis. Essentially the study utilizes the experiences of the various individuals and commoners towards establishing a system for enhancing the discussing and implicational procedures. Deeper understanding of the large research topic was bound to be only made possible through the implementation of the empirical phenomenology. The philosophical concepts concerning phenomenology are having been considered. This means that the perception of the experiences of individuals has been evaluated on the context of the objective scenarios that are present. Objective reality and its relationship with experiences of the individual have been focused in the study. For this to effectively take place codification is used.

Coding can basically classified as an analysis. Many times coding is regarded simply as a technical aspect. However, the usage of coding can be effectively done in order to bring out the more interpretative aspects of the research (Miles, Huberman and Saldana 2013). The primary usage of codes is towards the retrieval and categorization of data. This helps to find, cluster, collate and systematically reproduce the data for further analysis. The first cycle of coding involves the formation of chunks of data from the available research information. The second cycle of coding is concerning how the first cycle of coding can be utilized and further analyzed. The research utilizes mainly descriptive coding in order to produce data. Various labels are assigned to summarize into a word or short phase. Since the study is done with a wide variety of data, this kind of coding has effectively helped the purpose of the coding functions. The coding is also compatible with social environments. Hence, the coding have been used in the research. This has helped towards providing an effective description of the environment and the phenomenon that are discussed. After summarizing through the first cycle of codes, the second cycle of codes have been utilized to group the summarizing into sub-categories in order to systematically divide the analysis procedure

Memorandums and listings have been essentially analyzed and evaluated in order to identify the stakeholders that are involved in the re-building project of the dilapidated school. The relevant documents contain the essential milestones, timeframes and other important information that can help toward the better understanding of the project. The summarized form of the information has been used for the project. However, due to confidentiality the names of the people involved have not been provided. Some confidential information has also been concealed due to ethical issues (Pietkiewicz, and Smith 2014). A listing has been provided for the better understanding of the research topic and connected milestones.

The secondary sources have been gathered through websites and credible news sources. Checklists have been formed in order to categorize the information. The annual reports containing the budgets and policies have been essentially considered for the work. The MoE have been consulted for gathering further information and related documents.

The chapter has examined all the possible aspects that will be considered for the research. The introduction to the subject matter of the project and related aspects were given. The research methodology of empirical phenomenological qualitative analysis was given. Phenomenological analysis was defined and discussed for the ease of understanding its significance concerning the research. The research methodology was given in order to provide a substantial analysis of why qualitative research has been chosen over quantitative research. Empirical phenomenological research and its various essential dimensions were mentioned and discussed subsequently. This helped to form an essential understanding of the research procedure as an important tool for the psychological and contextual analysis of researches. The strategies utilized for the research have been provided. Moving forward the various ways in which empirical phenomenological analysis have contributed towards the effective analysis of the subject have been discussed. The analysis of the research has helped in the understanding of the effective frameworks that have been incorporated within the study to make it more informative. The face to face interview methods that have been utilized were analyzed in accordance with their significance towards bringing forward the most important conclusions. The research design and its essential incorporation within the research framework have been effectively provided. More emphasis has been provided in justifying the elements that are related to the aspects that can govern the reliability and validity of the research. The data gathering methods for both primary and secondary data have been essentially provided. Moving forward the coding functions and coding related elements of the research have been essentially discussed. The study has essentially considered coding as an effective means for effective analysis of the research. The interview techniques have been discussed. Moreover, the information gathering and the information sources have been effectively provided through the study. Essential data have been provided in relation to the effectiveness of the study.

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