Essay: Discuss The Accounting Structure Of Dependent Inference.

Introduction to Conceptual Accounting Framework and International Financial Reporting Standards

Question:

Discuss About The Accounting Structure Of Dependent Inference?

The conceptual framework of accounting was created in order to help the accountants and the companies to prepare and present the financial books as per the prescribed accounting standards. These framework on internation financial reporting standards form the base for the preparation of the future International Accounting Standards to be evolved. These are the base on which the auditor rely and give their opinion as to whether the financial statements are showing true and fair view or not and whether they are free from error. This is required by both the internal as well as the external users to take the critical financial as well as operational decisions. External users generally include the investors, the public, the government, the tax authorities, the banks and the financial institutions, who take the critical decisions which affect not only the company but the industry as a whole.

Internal users of the financial information include the employees, the customers, the creditors, the debtors, etc. These financials provide the relevant users with the current status of the company and  helps them to take the investing decision whether to by or sell the equity and debt of the company or not. They also need the information not only to be part of the cash flows of the company but to know whether the management and directors of the company have discharged their duties effectively and efficiently. The framework of conceptual accounting and the IFRS asks for several disclosure and notes on accounts to be made in the financials which is necessary for the understanding  of the users and then base their assumption based on their on workings. Sometimes, it may happen that the objectives of the standards of accounting and that of the board may not be consistent with each other and in such a scenario its upon the company as to well they want to apply the standards in the general purpose reporting framework (Kew & Stredwick, 2017). The data points provided in the financials must be relevant and true to the circumstances of the case and no material misstatements must be missed out to be reported. Further, in the directors report, they generally declare that the financials have ben prepared using the relevant standards and also report any deviation from the same, if any along with the proper reasons. After all this is done, the company also gets the books audited by the auditors, who check that whether the company has complied with all the relevant laws and regulations, standards, etc., and basis all this express their opinion on the same to give a reasonable assurance about the same to the users.

Importance of Compliance and Valuation and Reporting Requirements of Fixed Assets and Property, Plant, and Equipment

b) The valuation and reporting requirement of the fixed assets and property, plant and equipment of the company is being guided by AASB 116. It is important from the users of financial statements view and perspective that the company should comply with the standards while preparation of the financial statements. (Trieu, 2017) It gives a set of guidelines and the requirements which the companies needs to follow while dealing with the valuation and the presentation of the financial statements. In the given case, the company Telstra has been chosen. It is listed on the Australian Stock exchange and the management of company has well adopted and followed with the regulatory guidelines and the standards while valuing its assets and proper disclosures have been provided for the same.

The company is required too disclosure the bifurcation and the basis of the asset classes into which the assets are divided, the basis of measurement of the gross block, the method of depreciation being used, the rates of depreciation being applied to the same, the estimayted useful life being taken in each case, the carrying amount of the asset at the beginning and at the end of the period, the changes in the block of asset via the purchase and sale of the assets, the amount received and paid towards it, the exchange rate fluctuation being incurred on the asset, the effect of the changes in the management policies in respect of PPE over the past year and the other critical management judgements being taken into account. The company has a responsibility to comply with the disclosure requirement of all the above facts and figures (Visinescu, et al., 2017).

In the given case of Telstra incorporation, the company in its annual report has provided all the important and critical disclosure requirement with respect to the class of assets being held, the major categorizations, the rate of deprecation being used, the method depreciation being straight line, the estimated useful lives, and the carrying cost of the property, plant and equipment both at the start and at the end of the financial year. (Bromwich & Scapens, 2016). The company has also disclosed the data on the borrowing cost being capitalised in the asset, the residual value of the asset and the impairment loss being recognised and reversed during the year. Further more, the directors of the company have clearly stated in the financial statements that the conceptual framework and the relevant standards have been taken care while presentation of the financial statements and also while valuation of the assets (Linden & Freeman, 2017). Few extracts of the company’s annual report has been attached for refernence and in order to show how well the management of the company has complied with all the requirements. This company was chosen as it is one of the biggest telecommunication companies in Australia and whose revenue is in billions. Thus, all in all the company’s books are in accordance with the AASB framework of accounting and financial reporting (Werner, 2017).

Case Study of Telstra and Its Compliance with AASB 116

c) One of the most important qualitative characteristics of the financial reporting framework is that it gives the basis for the valuation of the assets to the company on the basis of which the company can estimate as well as calculate its revenues correctly and hence its financial position. This is also helpful in many other relevant ways and in continuing its overall operations. All this is one of the integral requirements of reporting and helps the management to take decisions on the growth & development of the company effectively and efficiently (Linden & Freeman, 2017). It also helps the users who are dependent on this financial information to check whether the calculations disclosed by the company are in line with their expectations and thus make their judgement on whether to invest in the company or not. In the given case of Telstra, the company has disclosed all the possible information for the classes of assets, the carrying value, the depreciation methods and all other relevant information. It has made the faithful representation of the affairs of the company basis which the users can make their financial and operational decision(Kew & Stredwick, 2017). Fuurther it has also disclosed the last year’s number in respect of the gross block, the net block , the accumulated depreciation, the investment in assets, the depreation, etc which satisfies one of the major enhancing qualitative characteristic of the financial reporting and thus enables comparability of the financial statements in order to know the delta and the relevant reasons for such change. It has tried to give a clear picture and the maintain as much transparency as possible w.r.t. the disclosures. Thus, it is also satisfying the qualitative aspect of it. (Dichev, 2017)

d) Basis the above facts and the finding in gteh company’s financial statements on the property plant and equipment, it is clear that the company has complied with the financial reporting framework and that the company’s accounts give a fair and transparent position of the financial status of the company and other numerous aspects. The disclosure that must be provided in the company’s annual report must satisfy all the user information w.r.t. PPE like the depreciation policy followed, the classes of asset being used, the estimated useful lives of the various classes of assets, the impairment assessment and other relevant disclosures. For Telstra, the all such information is in sync with the requirements of the standards and the company’s policies being followed(Alexander, 2016). The company has justified the fact that why these standards were framed to be followed by the companies and they are being helpful to those users of the financial statements who take major decisions based on this.(Belton, 2017).

The international accounting standards board generally take the view of the users as well as the companies on amending the standards to satisfy the needs of the end user by understanding the issue being faced by them as an end user. In this way, they only don’t come to know what are the loopholes but the requirements which the users have from the financial statements and thus they amend to bring in the improvement. In case of Telstra, the management can try to reduce the complications and technicality of the presentation of the financial statements and make it more simpler for understanding and interpreting for the end user. This will not only make the work for the end user easy but it wil increase the transparency of the financials (Abbott & Kantor, 2017). Also, the board can make the uniformity in applying the standards for a particular type of company rather than keeping it open to be applied by all the companies. These are few recommendations which can be useful in enhancing the qualitative reporting aspect and which can make the financials free from errors and other shortcomings.

References

Abbott, M. & Kantor, A., 2017. Fair Value Measurement and Mandated Accounting Changes: The Case of the Victorian Rail Track Corporation. Australian accounting Review.

Alexander, F., 2016. The Changing Face of Accountability. The Journal of Higher Education, 71(4), pp. 411-431.

Belton, P., 2017. Competitive Strategy: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. London: Macat International ltd.

Bromwich, M. & Scapens, R., 2016. Management Accounting Research: 25 years on. Management Accounting Research, Volume 31, pp. 1-9.

Dichev, I., 2017. On the conceptual foundations of financial reporting. Accounting and Business Research, 47(6), pp. 617-632.

Kew, J. & Stredwick, J., 2017. Business Environment: Managing in a Strategic Context. second ed. London: Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development.

Linden, B. & Freeman, R., 2017. Profit and Other Values: Thick Evaluation in Decision Making. Business Ethics Quarterly, 27(3), pp. 353-379.

Trieu, V., 2017. Getting value from Business Intelligence systems: A review and research agenda. Decision Support Systems, Volume 93, pp. 111-124.

Visinescu, L., Jones, M. & Sidorova, A., 2017. Improving Decision Quality: The Role of Business Intelligence. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 57(1), pp. 58-66.

Werner, M., 2017. Financial process mining - Accounting data structure dependent control flow inference. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Volume 25, pp. 57-80.