Critical Analysis Of Humanitarian Intervention In Response To Cyclone Pam In Vanuatu: An Essay.

Some Key Findings from Other Studies Conducted After Cyclone Pam

Discuss About The Critical Analysis Humanitarian Intervention.

Department of foreign affairs and trade released a document to evaluate the human interventions provided and how well Australian government responded to that situation during a cyclone pam hit Vanuatu Country. This article was published in 2017 by DFAT, Canberra. On 13 March 2015 tropical cyclone struck many areas of Vanuatu with wind speed of 270 km/h (Hong et al., 2018). According to Magee, Danielle, Verdon-Kidd, Kiem and Royle (2015), it was the most disastrous cyclone ever faced in history. As discussed in DFAT evaluation report this cyclone pam affected most of the population and damaged 90% of the infrastructure. The destruction impacts all of the areas like agriculture, education, health facilities, private property etc. It was estimated that around half of people were faced adverse situation because of this cyclone.

Thousands of people displaced internally, high number people had no place to live and were searching for shelter. At that time Vanuatu government had limited resources and money to overcome this situation so they asked for help to all courtiers and they received help from all over the globe, but Australia was the first nation responded quickly to support people who were in trouble. According to news published by Ministry for Foreign Affairs (2018) Julie Bishop (Minister of foreign affairs) announced to provide financial help of $300,000 especially for people with disabilities. New Zealand announced financial help of NZ$ 2.5 million (Hayward-Jones, 2015). Australian government and other departments sanctioned more than $15 million to recover from negative impacts occurred due to cyclone. Military assistance also provided relief services the people of Vanuatu (Bergin, 2015).Various other organisations like the Australian Red Cross, Red Crescent and other private sectors also helped financially to support to Vanuatu government. This article analysed effectiveness of services provided to the cyclone affected people and humanitarian intervention evaluation report will be analysed critically. Methods, purposes, criteria used, appropriateness of the findings and how different these were from services provided with other organisation, will be discussed by reviewing the report of DFAT and other various reports. It will also be analysed that whether the intervention mentioned in that document were up to the mark or not.

UNICEF (2016) conducted a review article after six months of cyclone hit Vanuatu. Some key findings of that study are:

• It was the biggest cyclone ever recorded.
• The pre-planned strategies to face cyclone were not enough in Vanuatu and Fuji.
• The interventions provided to the cyclone affected people were quick.
• Level 2 procedure were not used properly because of this the funding was not processed on time and some of the opportunities missed.
• The management roles within UNICEF pacific were not clear.
• Strong relationship has been built by UNICEF with partner service providers.

A study conducted by Handmer and Iveson (2017) stated that people of Vanuatu warned on time by using text , mobile phones etc. and it was found that text messages were more effective to send warnings of cyclone pam within a population, and this becomes the reason of low deaths occurred. Local people were alerted by youth (Ray, De, Leone, & Gilbert, 2017).

Purpose and Rationale for the Evaluation

According to an article published in Health Cluster bulletin by Ministry of health Vanuatu (2015), most of the health facilities were affected, health services has been decreased in all areas of health assistance, the availability of health staff including doctors and nurses were very less at the time of cyclone hit Vanuatu, Shefa was the highly affected area with nearly 88% damage of health facilities and in Tafea around 82 % health facilities were affected. A news article published in BBC news (2016) just after 3 days of cyclone hit Vanuatu reported that around 3300 people displaced and 24 died.

Study conducted by Care (2016) reveals that in there was less damage was reported in Aniwa and compare to other areas like Erromango and Tanna where more than 60% structure were damaged or destroyed.

• To review the response of Australia to cyclone pam and how pacific island countries can be supported better.
• To identify how DFAT can improve to facilitate pacific countries so that they can prepare themselves to handle such disastrous situations in future, how well they can respond and recover from such emergencies quickly.
• To get experience form recent cyclone tragedy and apply it in future for an instant response.
• Various Organisation and NGOs worked to assist people, this study was done to identify whether these organisations got enough funding and response from Australian government or not.
• To evaluate the assistance provided by various government, private sector and NGO’s were equally received by Vanuatu public or not.
• To identify how the funding distributed.

It was a cross a sectional study. Peoples from Vanuata and Fiji were interviewed about the effectiveness of interventions provided at the time of cyclone. Focused Group Discussion has been conducted among respondents.

The documents were reviewed and coded to prepare questionnaires. Some government organisation and DFAT provided these documents. Strategies, appeals and reports, studies etc. mentioned in these documents mentioned.

The whole study was based on data collected from interviewed person. Thirty nine participants were Australian government officials, 30 respondents from Vanuata government, 55 partner staff; ten were from private sector of Vanuata and Fiji and 5 stakeholders of Australia. They were asked evaluation questions to acquire key information about the assistance efficacy, effectiveness of assistance and recommendations. Detailed notes have also been taken from each interview by audio recordings.

The people from highly affected areas like Efate, Tanna and Erromango called to participate in focused group discussion. The FGD were well designed and based on structured guide. Some activities conducted among 14 groups of beneficiaries. In one activity they asked participants to place pebble in the middle of the group and express their thoughts on a particular situation. One more activity conducted by staff members was to assess the understanding of participants about the importance of services. They asked to place a leaf or pebble on an image showing the services they required just after the clone or some months later. The pictures were about shelter, food medical services, water, transport, food etc. After they placed their pebble on picture they were asked to explain the reason of placing leaf or pebble on that particular image.

Methodology Used in the Evaluation

The basic principle of this evaluation was to identify the quality and efficacy of the interventions provided to the pacific island countries at the time of cyclone by Australian government and department of foreign affairs and trade. It worked on a principle of getting live comments from public by interviewing cyclone affected people; Australian and Vanuatu officials to better understand the quality received by the public, to get recommendations and suggestions for future interventions in such calamities. Face to face interaction was done to get the feedback from the persons living in cyclone affected areas.

• This study was evidence based study
• Face to face interviews collected the actual data and it supports the authenticity of data.
• Study was done in both private and government sectors and among cyclone affected people.
• It assessed the most needed requirements after cyclone.
• They reported both positive and negative aspects of the intervention provided by DFAT
• Some of the activities conducted by them revealed the actual needs of Vanuatu’s people

• This study focused only on limited areas of services like health, shelter and education.
• Documentation handling was very poor.
• Coordination with other agencies was not proper
• The interviews have been conducted among government and private officials rather than the public who actually faced the situation. The more focused were not on the affected people.
• It does not focused on other basic needs like electricity, roads etc.

The collected was the response of questionnaires designed. The response was taken in audio format. Respondents of Australia and Vanuatu from both government and private sectors were interviewed. Notes from every interview also collected. Data form Focused group discussion also collected. The data collected after conducting some studies helped to reach the confirmation that the services received by cyclone affected people was satisfying. The collection by DFAT members followed a appropriate method of data collection in both  audio format and document format and the results gained at the end of the study proven that the data collected were appropriate.

Nongovernment organisation also participated in this study to gather local public of affected areas for focussed group discussion. NGO’s and other organisations participated in this evaluation were Australian Red Cross, Save the children, Care, Oxfam and World vision. Australian Red Cross, New Zealand Red Cross and French Red Cross assisted around 40000 people and achieved 30% of total emergency services (Cullwick, 2016). They also helped to prioritise identification and strength conclusion of capacity of local society person, recognise discomfort and how cluster meetings has been conducted , they continued to support local people by getting international response, they also helped to provide shelter, food and emergency services.

Care organisation also involved in interventions provided to the affected people, preparing them for cyclone seasons, to find out safe houses for homeless people, food and water (Williams, 2017). Oxfam helped to bring Vanuatu Humanitarian team together, they provided to clear the waste and to provide vouchers to farmers for agricultural needs (Oxfam, 2016). World vision and save the children provided services of food and security programs, they helped to repair and maintain structure of collapsed schools and healthcare services also provided to the cyclone affected (World Vision, 2015). 

Criteria used to analyse the actions and achievements of Australia’s intervention program and office of development effectiveness. The main focus of this evaluation was to analyse response of DFAT regarding how the departments led during the time of cyclone, the experts coordinated to each other to deal with adverse situation. This evaluation covered only two initial steps taken by Australian government to provide early recovery and response. The main strategy behind this evaluation was to get feedback and advice from the local residence and government and private officials.

• How effective the strategy behind rehabilitation services provided, the partners selected and was the funding enough?
• What was gained with the interventions?
• How efficient was the Australian aid?
• Any improvement required making Australian aid effective?
• Response guided by which methods.
• Values related to Australian interventions.
• How DFAT coordinated with other groups and departments involved in interventions?
• How did Australian services helped in preparedness and disaster management?
• What improvements are required for quick response to emergencies?   

Document Review

Evaluation has been done on the basis of policy frame work driven at the time of cyclone, especially Humanitarian action policy 2011 and the protection in humanitarian action framework 2013. Humanitarian action policy identifies saving lives and humanitarian and emergency response. This policy saved people and assists them to achieve what they had before the circumstances occurred it also supports Australia’s aid program purpose (Australian Agency for international Development, 2011). Protection in humanitarian action framework supported DFAT to achieve interventions goal it work on a policy of improving safety measures of people faced natural disasters. It also facilitates people by providing funding at the time of non-favourable conditions.

IFRC worked on different strategies (Planning and Evaluation Department, 2011) these are:

1. Follow code of conduct for global Red Cross and Red Crescent movements and nongovernment organisations in disaster relief.
2. To provide relevant intervention which is needed mostly in a particular targeted disaster affected group .it also considers the appropriateness of the intervention provided.
3. Efficiency of the intervention also measured to know the cost effective services delivered with good results
4. Effectiveness of the interventions also measured to understand which services can be used in future .it also asses which intervention provided on time.
5. It evaluates the number of people assisted with the intervention and population not covered. It gives an idea that which intervention is best suited to provide services to large population in a short period of time.it also analysed that the assistance should be provided to all equally
6. It examines the favourable and non-favourable impacts caused by particular intervention by measuring the difference made.  
7. It ensured that the intervention provided for long term and the recovery can be achieved.

 DFAT approaches and IFRC, RCS approaches are quite different. DFAT concentrated on initial steps taken by donor, IFRC and RCS approaches concentrate on every aspects of intervention for a long term effect.

World Vision (2018) reported in a report that complete recovery has not achieved yet because most of the structure was damaged and still under process to reach to the goal, more than 50,000 were provided food and around 47000 people received essential household items with the help of other interventions providers like UNICEF, Ministry of Health and world health organisation.     

Department of foreign affairs and trade also evaluated the intervention provided by Australian government in health care sectors. They found that the funding provided to the government sector were very effective for fast recovery in health and after seven days of cyclone there was only 2 % requirement for healthcare assistance. According to DFAT evaluation report nearly 39 health facilities has been impaired by the cyclone pam and with the help of local authorities and Australian interventions, 1341 patients has been cured with the help of Vanuatu central hospital. The damaged health facilities have been repaired quickly. Around 9,700 people with health issues were treated by twenty health teams, many people received primary and secondary care, vaccination has been done to save children’s from measles (World Health Organisation, 2016). Twenty Australian medical assistance teams responded quickly to provide health services to the public affected with cyclone (Coates, 2017). It has been evaluated by DFAT that 35000 $ has been sanctioned to Vanuatu government in pharmaceuticals. It was stated in DFAT evaluation article that Australian interventions focused in health sectors properly.  

The key findings of DFAT’s evaluation report are:

• Nearly 188,000 people were affected due to cyclone hit on 13 March 2015.  According to an article published by United Nation Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2015) nearly 166000 people has been affected by cyclone among the population of 23, 4000.
• The cash released to help cyclone affected people would have been preferred form of assistance to achieve recovery goals for selected, but not every group.
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade stated in that evaluation report Australian financial help was appropriate, but according to article published in The Australian (2018), it was not cleared that where the funding has been spent which was provided by Australian government to the cyclone affected country. It was also stated in that article that financial help provided for long term recovery was not enough.
• Small businesses affected by cyclone did not receive any help to overcome the situation.
• According the report enough help has been provided to Crisis Response Team to support Port Vila post. But the capacity of DFAT’s Port Villa post was not satisfactory to balance competing priorities because of less available and untrained staff however UNICEF did good job in health sector by treating more 10 thousand children’s (UNICEF, 2015).
• Australian intervention providing groups concentrated on highly affected areas like shelter, health and food. But on the other hand some studies studied that full recovery of shelters still not achieved, according to a report published in Shelter Cluster (2015) 21 per cent households reported to require support for shelter and 29 % people living with their family and friends because they had no place to live. Another study done by UNOCHA (2015) stated that around 75000 people had no shelter.
• The report revealed that direct funding to government organisations was very effective to achieve early recovery targets.
• It has been stated in evaluation report that Australia provided enough assistance.
• The evaluation founds that DFAT achieved the commitment of providing help in 48 hours.
• The communication between DFAT and other organisations was inappropriate. DFAT itself gave low rating for the project stated that progress was not up to the mark (Klan, 2018).
• According to the study Australian interventions appropriately focused on highly affected areas after cyclone.

Key Informant Interviews

Conclusion

After studying the whole report and reviewing the articles and reports it can be concluded that the evaluation report published by department of Foreign affairs and trade was based in evidence and appropriate hence it has some lacks. The negative aspects were also discussed by DFAT in that evaluation , they stated that the communication between DFAT and other assistance providers was not enough .the interventions provided by Australian governments and private organisations was rapid and reached to the every person in need, although some of the studies found that the money distributed to the assisting departments  were uneven . The methods used in the evaluation report were appropriate and the data collected from the government and private organisation was collected appropriately.   It has been also found that some NGO’s were also involved in this study like Care, World vision, save the children etc.  Health assistance evaluation also included in this study and has been done by organisations like UNICEF and WHO. Some of the studies found that the assistance provided was not focused on the loss of small businessman’s. It only concentrated on most affected area of Vanuatu. It was also found that study mostly focused on Australia’s initial assistance. Focussed group discussion conducted by DFAT team members to collect the data was appropriate and helpful to understand the need of cyclone affected people. It can also be concluded that in this evaluation report most of the basic need were neglected to evaluate like electricity and roads. Department of Foreign Affairs and trade itself gave them a now rating and stated that the assistance provided to the Vanuatu public was not up to the mark and it was less than expected. The evaluated findings of DFAT’s report were supported by most of the studies supported. Some of the studies or articles criticised the evaluation report but major studies were in favour of the findings concluded by DFAT.

References

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