Diversity Management And Carbon Emission Reduction In Public Sector Essay.

Discuss About The Diversity Management In Public Sector Services.

Literature Review - Summary

The main purpose for this research is to evaluate the difference in the emission of carbon between the companies that have received incentives from the management of the organization and the companies that have not. The hypothesis to be tested in this presentation is the difference in the emission of carbon between these two types of companies. The research combines the theories shared by human resource management and test the diversity of the theories and inclusiveness of the theory as well as effectiveness of the theory. To conduct this research sample survey data from different companies were used to test the hypothesis by the use of structural equation and modelling techniques. The results indicated that different campiness have different ways of managing carbon emission. This in particular is explained by the impact of incentives included in the organizational culture. Additionally, the impact of incentives is majorly influenced by the transformational agenda in most companies and this is why the leadership shows interest in reduction of carbon emission. This is not the same in every company simply because different companies have different ways of practicing carbon emission strategies.

In the world of production, carbon emission has shown that greenhouse gases are actually the main cause of negative environmental degradation. Scientists have also demonstrated that the greenhouse emitters are the main culprits and have channelled the issue that have led to position that we are currently in. when companies burn fossil fuels, carbon is released in the atmosphere, the gases produced are trapped in the atmosphere and this hangs and affects the verbal temperature of the atmosphere. It is important to understand that most of the carbon pollution comes from electricity production.

When countries and governments discuss about emissions, their main focus is on the reduction of the rate of carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide can be released in the atmosphere in a number of ways. One main way of carbon oxide being released is the atmosphere is by burning fuel in the atmosphere (Liesen et al. 2015). Most of the companies listed in the excel sheet have adopted measures to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide that is released in the atmosphere. The industries such as forestry as well as air freight pollute the environment with the emission of carbon dioxide. The forestry industry deals with burning of fuels and the air freight industry also carries goods on air (Bows-Larkin 2015). Thus, flying there planes also burns fuels which in turn affects the environment again. The changes in the environment have made the companies understand the need for the reduction in the carbon emission and different industries are adopting different techniques for the reduction in the emission.

Conceptual Model

The employees of these companies are the stakeholders to these companies. Thus, the companies need to fulfil the demands of the stakeholders before adoption of any techniques. The performance of the company depends on the performance of its stakeholders (Lusiana et al. 2014). Thus, if the demands of the stakeholders are not fulfilled, the stakeholders will not be working properly and hence the company will not be able to implement the techniques adopted and the emissions will not be reduced.

According to the conceptual framework described, two null and alternate hypotheses can be framed from here, which are described as follows:

Null Hypothesis (H₀₁): Significant difference does not exist between the carbon emissions of different forestry companies on the basis of integrated climate changes in their business strategy.

Alternate Hypothesis (H_A1): There is existence of significant difference between the carbon emissions of different forestry companies on the basis of integrated climate changes in their business strategy.

Null Hypothesis (H₀₂): Significant difference does not exist between the carbon emissions of different Air freight transportation companies on the basis of integrated climate changes in their business strategy.

Alternate Hypothesis (H_A2): There is existence of significant difference between the carbon emissions of different Air freight transportation companies on the basis of integrated climate changes in their business strategy.

For the analysis to be conducted, a total of 64 companies have been selected out of which 32 belong to each of the industries selected.

Descriptive statistical analysis has been conducted on the selected dependent variable which is the percentage change in carbon emissions from previous year in this case. There are no missing figures on carbon emissions for the selected 64 companies, 32 from each of the selected industry. From Table 1, it can be seen that for the forest and paper industry, the average changes in reduction in the emission of carbon in the atmosphere has been less for the companies that have received incentives from management and has been high in companies that have not received incentives from the government. Again from table 2, it can be seen that for the Air Freight Transportation industry, the average changes in reduction in the emission of carbon in the atmosphere has been less for the companies that have not received incentives from management and has been high in companies that have received incentives from the government. The information stated above is illustrated with the help of bar graph in the following figures 1 and 2.

Data Collection

From the results of the analysis provided in table 3 shows that for the Forest and Paper products industry, the average change in the carbon emission from previous year is – 4.39 percent. This indicates that the carbon emission n this industry has reduced by 4.39 percent. On the other hand, the median change in the carbon emission has been found to be – 2.75 which indicates that in 50 percent of the companies, the carbon emissions have reduced by 2.75 percent. As can be seen that there are differences in the mean and the median percent changes. The median is much lower than the mean change. This indicates that in some companies, the reduction in carbon emission is huge and quite large than the median change. Thus, the average change has been higher. The variance of the changes is also extremely high as compared to the mean change. This indicates that the changes are not close to the mean and are quite scattered from the average percentage change from previous year. From the value of skewness, it can be seen that the data on change in carbon emission is negatively skewed. This indicates that in most of the companies, the percentage change in the emission of carbon dioxide is quite less for this industry. Hence, in most of the companies of this industry, there has been reduction in the emission.

Again from the results of the analysis provided in table 3, it can be seen that for the Air Freight Transportation industry, the average change in the carbon emission from previous year is – 22.26 percent. This indicates that the carbon emission n this industry has reduced by 22.26 percent. On the other hand, the median change in the carbon emission has been found to be – 3.05 which indicates that in 50 percent of the companies, the carbon emissions have reduced by 3.05 percent. As can be seen that there are differences in the mean and the median percent changes. The median is much lower than the mean change. This indicates that in some companies, the reduction in carbon emission is huge and quite large than the median change. Thus, the average change has been higher. The variance of the changes is also extremely high as compared to the mean change. This indicates that the changes are not close to the mean and are quite scattered from the average percentage change from previous year. From the value of skewness, it can be seen that the data on change in carbon emission is negatively skewed. This indicates that in most of the companies, the percentage change in the emission of carbon dioxide is quite less for this industry. Hence, in most of the companies of this industry, there has been reduction in the emission.

In order to test the stated hypotheses, the inferential statistical test that can be used is the independent sample t-test. This is the best technique to test the differences in the average values between two groups. In this case, the two groups will be the companies that have received incentives and the companies that have not received incentives. This technique will be applied two times, once for each of the selected industries.

References

Bows-Larkin, A., 2015. All adrift: aviation, shipping, and climate change policy. Climate Policy, 15(6), pp.681-702.

Liesen, A., Hoepner, A.G., Patten, D.M. and Figge, F., 2015. Does stakeholder pressure influence corporate GHG emissions reporting? Empirical evidence from Europe. Accounting, Auditing & Accountability Journal, 28(7), pp.1047-1074.

Lusiana, B., van Noordwijk, M., Johana, F., Galudra, G., Suyanto, S. and Cadisch, G., 2014. Implications of uncertainty and scale in carbon emission estimates on locally appropriate designs to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+). Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change, 19(6), pp.757-772.