ANSYS considers the specific heat capacity and density to be constant throughout. It disregards changes with respect to temperature. The effect of the surroundings on the heat exchanger performance was also not considered. Additionally, a mesh convergence study was not carried out. A mesh refinement analysis is imperative to conduct as it ensures results are accurate.
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow
The main aim of this experiment is to calculate the amount of heat transfer in four different types of heat exchangers. For heat transfer calculation, values of overall heat transfer coefficient, area of heat exchangers, mean temperature difference is required which is calculated from inlet and outlet temperature of hold and cold fluid measured experimentally .
- Flow rate measurement meter for both cold and hot water .
- Cold and hot water supply system.
- Temperature measurement device for cold and holt fluid at inlet and outlet flow .
- Cross-flow Heat Exchanger
- Number of tubes = 60 tubes
- Length of tube = 350 mm
- Inner tube diameter Di= 5.6 mm
- Outer tube diameter Do= 7.0 mm
- Thermal conductivity = 339 W/mK
- Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
- Length of tube = 1220 mm
- Inner tube diameter Di= 13.8 mm
- Outer tube diameter Do= 15.9 mm
- Thermal conductivity = 339 W/mK
- Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
- Length of tube = 1220 mm
- Inner tube diameter Di= 12.6 mm
- Outer tube diameter Do= 15.9 mm
- Thermal conductivity = 154 W/mK
- Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
- Number of tubes = 28 tubes
- Length of tube = 200 mm
- Inner tube diameter Di= 5.52 mm
- Outer tube diameter Do= 6.35 mm
- Thermal conductivity = 339 W/Mk
Procedure
- For double pipe aluminium heat exchanger , set up a control valves for parallel flow with cold water in outer pipe and hot water in inner pipes .
- Flow rates of hot and cold water should be limited to minimum value of nearly ¼ of full flow .
- To operate the heat exchanger in steady state condition, stop the temperature variations in outlet water pipe .
- Note down the temperature and mass flow rates from inlet and outlet water (hot and cold ) from measuring instruments .
- Repeat the temperature and flow rate measurement for 4 different process mentioned below:-
- ¼ flow of hot water with ¼ flow of cold water
- ½ flow of hot water with ½ flow of cold water
- ¾ flow of hot water with ¾ flow of cold water
- full flow of hot water with full flow of cold water
- For double pipe aluminium heat exchanger , set up a control valves for counter flow with cold water in outer pipe and hot water in inner pipes and repeat the process 1 to 4 for full flow .
- For double pipe copper heat exchanger , set up a control valves for counter flow with cold water in outer pipe and hot water in inner pipes and repeat the process 1 to 4 for full flow .
- Repeat the process 1 to 4 for shell and tube type heat exchanger as hot water in tubes and cold water in shell .
- Repeat the process 1 to 4 for cross flow heat exchanger as hot water in tubes and cold water across the tubes .
For aluminium double pipe heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is parallel flow .The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
¼ Hot / ¼ Cold |
3.6 |
2 |
57.1 |
14.8 |
48.5 |
25.5 |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
7.2 |
4 |
58 |
16.9 |
51 |
26.8 |
¾ Hot / ¾ Cold |
10.8 |
6 |
57.9 |
18 |
51.9 |
26.7 |
Full hot / Full cold |
14.5 |
8 |
57.4 |
17.7 |
51.9 |
25.7 |
Table 1: Aluminum Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow Data
For copper double pipe heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is parallel flow .The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Full hot / Full cold |
4.5 |
8 |
57.7 |
18.6 |
53 |
26.8 |
Table 2: Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow Data
For copper double pipe heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is counter flow .The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Full hot / Full cold |
14.5 |
8 |
56.1 |
18.9 |
51.6 |
26.6 |
Table 3: Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow Data
For Aluminium double pipe heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is counter flow .The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Full hot / Full cold |
14.5 |
8 |
58.7 |
19.1 |
53.3 |
26.8 |
Table 4: Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow Data
For shell and tube type heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is counter flow .The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Shell and tube type Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
7.2 |
4 |
58.6 |
18.9 |
51.9 |
28.9 |
Full hot / Full cold |
4.5 |
8 |
55.8 |
20.4 |
51.2 |
28.2 |
Table 5: Shell and tube type Heat Exchanger Counter Flow Data
For Cross flow type heat exchanger, flow between hot and cold fluid is perpendicular.The data obtained from experiment is noted down in table shown below.
Cross flow type Heat Exchanger |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
7.2 |
4 |
56.8 |
17.3 |
49.8 |
27.3 |
Full hot / Full cold |
14.5 |
8 |
56.6 |
18.9 |
50.6 |
28.2 |
Table 6: Cross flow type Heat Exchanger Flow Data
Calculations for heat transfer between hot and cold fluid .
(Ahmed ,Sammarraie ,2017)
– Heat transfer (+ ve for gained or –ve for lost) in KW
– Mass flow rate in Kg/s
– Specific Heat Capacity =4.18 kJ/kgK for water
– Change in Temperature in K
Consider for aluminium double pipe heat exchanger , Heat loss and gain is calculated from values given in table below
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
¼ Hot / ¼ Cold |
3.6 |
2 |
57.1 |
14.8 |
48.5 |
25.5 |
Table 7: Aluminum Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow Data
All the calculations done as per above procedure and added in table .
RESLUTS
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
¼ Hot / ¼ Cold |
-2.157 |
1.491 |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
-3.511 |
2.759 |
¾ Hot / ¾ Cold |
-4.514 |
3.637 |
Full hot / Full cold |
-5.556 |
4.459 |
Table 8: Aluminum Double Pipe Heat Exchange Parallel Flow Heat Transfer Data
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
Full hot / Full cold |
-1.473 |
4.570 |
Table 9: Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchange Parallel Flow Heat Transfer Data
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
Full hot / Full cold |
-5.455 |
4.291 |
Table 10: Aluminum Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow Heat Transfer Data
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
Full hot / Full cold |
-4.546 |
4.291 |
Table 11: Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchange counter Flow Heat Transfer Data
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
-3.361 |
2.787 |
Full hot / Full cold |
-1.442 |
4.347 |
Table 12: Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer Data
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger |
||
Configuration |
Heat Transfer (kW) (Hot) |
Heat Transfer (kW) (cold) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
-3.511 |
2.787 |
Full hot / Full cold |
-6.061 |
5.183 |
Table 13: Cross Flow Heat Exchanger Heat Transfer Data
Calculations for log mean temperature difference
Formula for LMTD is given below
are completely depend on the type of the heat exchanger
Parallel Flow Heat exchanger |
Counter Flow, Cross Flow , Shell and tube Heat exchanger |
= Th, Inlet – Tc, Inlet |
= Th, Inlet – Tc, Outlet |
= Th, Outlet – Tc, Outlet |
= Th, Outlet – Tc, Inlet |
Table 14: Heat Exchanger Temperature difference (Rennie, Vijaya ,2015)
Figure 2: Heat exchanger temperature difference
Consider for aluminium double pipe heat exchanger ,LMTD is calculated from values given in table below
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
||||||
Configuration |
Hot Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Cold Water Flow Rate (L/m) |
Hot Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Inlet Temp. (°C) |
Hot Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
Cold Water Outlet Temp. (°C) |
¼ Hot / ¼ Cold |
3.6 |
2 |
57.1 |
14.8 |
48.5 |
25.5 |
Table 15: Aluminum Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow Data
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow
LMTD calculation shown below
= 304.67 K
All the calculations done as per above procedure and added in table .
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
LMTD(K) |
¼ Hot / ¼ Cold |
304.68 |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
304.91 |
¾ Hot / ¾ Cold |
304.99 |
Full hot / Full cold |
305.48 |
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
LMTD(K) |
Full hot / Full cold |
306.04 |
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow |
LMTD(K) |
Full hot / Full cold |
305.22 |
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow |
LMTD(K) |
Full hot / Full cold |
304.07 |
Table 16: LMTD Data for parallel and counter flow
For Shell and Tube heat exchangers and Cross flow heat exchangers, a correction factor is multiplied to LMTD formula
f is the correction factor.
For correction factor ,values of two temperature ratios P and R need to be calculated then their intersection point on graph gives correction factor f (Panchal ,Ebert,2012).
T1 – Cold Water Inlet Temperature
T2 – Cold Water Outlet Temperature
t1 – Hot Water Inlet Temperature
t2 – Hot Water Outlet Temperature
Calculation for shell and tube type heat exchanger
As the getting values are coming out of graph so the correction factor is considered to be 1
= 304.32 K
All the calculations done as per above procedure and added in table .
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger |
LMTD(K) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
304.32 |
Full hot / Full cold |
302.17 |
Cross Flow Heat Exchanger |
LMTD(K) |
½ Hot / ½ Cold |
303.98 |
Full hot / Full cold |
303.02 |
Table 17: LMTD Data for cross flow and shell and tube type heat exchanger
Calculation for area of heat exchanger
Area
Heat Exchanger Type |
Area Inside m2 |
Area Outside m2 |
Aluminium Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel |
0.0482 |
0.0609 |
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel |
0.0528 |
0.0609 |
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger |
0.0971 |
0.111 |
Cross flow heat Exchanger |
0.3694 |
0.4618 |
Table 18: Inner and Outer Areas of heat exchanger
is overall heat transfer coefficient
Calculation of overall heat transfer coefficient for aluminium heat exchanger in parallel
1.491 kW
0.0609m2
304.68 K
80.35 W/ m2 K
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient is calculated using the formula
(Warren ,Eckert ,2009)
= 44.85
All the calculations done as per above procedure and added in table .
Aluminum Parallel Flow |
|||
Cold water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Quarter Turn |
80.35 |
101.52 |
44.851 |
Half Turn |
148.57 |
187.72 |
82.933 |
Three quarter |
195.79 |
247.38 |
109.292 |
full |
239.66 |
302.81 |
133.780 |
Hot water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Quarter Turn |
-116.24 |
-146.87 |
-64.888 |
Half Turn |
-189.09 |
-238.91 |
-105.551 |
Three quarter |
-243.05 |
-307.09 |
-135.672 |
full |
-298.64 |
-377.33 |
-166.703 |
Table 18: Aluminum Parallel Flow – Overall Heat Transfer Data
Aluminum Counter Flow (W/m2K) |
|||
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
|
Cold water |
230.26 |
290.93 |
128.531 |
Hot water |
-292.68 |
-369.80 |
-163.376 |
Table 19: Aluminum Counter Flow – Overall Heat Transfer Data
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Parallel Flow (W/m2K) |
|||
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
|
Cold water |
245.87 |
283.58 |
131.690 |
Hot water |
-79.27 |
-91.43 |
-42.458 |
Table 20: Copper Parallel Flow – Overall Heat Transfer Data
Copper Double Pipe Heat Exchanger Counter Flow (W/m2K) |
|||
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
|
Cold water |
231.75 |
267.30 |
124.128 |
Hot water |
-245.48 |
-283.14 |
-131.482 |
Table 21: Copper Counter Flow – Overall Heat Transfer Data Table
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger |
|||
Cold water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Half Turn |
82.50 |
94.30 |
44.003 |
full |
129.61 |
148.16 |
69.133 |
Hot water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Half Turn |
-99.49 |
-113.73 |
-53.067 |
full |
-43.00 |
-49.15 |
-22.934 |
Table 22: Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger – Overall Heat Transfer Data
Cross flow heat Exchanger |
|||
Cold water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Half Turn |
19.85 |
24.82 |
11.029 |
full |
37.04 |
46.31 |
20.579 |
Hot water |
U for Inner Area (W/m2K) |
U for Outer Area (W/m2K) |
Overall Heat Transfer (W/m2K) |
Half Turn |
-25.01 |
-31.27 |
-13.897 |
full |
-43.31 |
-54.15 |
-24.064 |
Table 23: Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger – Overall Heat Transfer Data Table
Conclusion
It is concluded from the calculated results that heat transfer is maximum for counter flow heat exchanger as compared to parallel flow and cross flow .This is mainly due to highest value of log mean temperature difference for counter flow .Both the materials aluminium and copper perform equally good in transferring the heat .So combination of double pipe heat exchanger with counter flow will be optimum to use for effective heat transfer (Kay ,Nedderman ,2010) .
References
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Kay J M & Nedderman R M (2010) ,Fluid Mechanics and Transfer Processes, Cambridge University Press
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Panchal C;B; and Ebert W.(2012), Analysis of Exxon Crude-Oil-Slip-Stream Coking Data, Proc of Fouling Mitigation of Industrial Heat-Exchanger Equipment, San Luis Obispo, California, USA, p 451,
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