Physiological Responses To Exercise And Coordination Of Internal Activities

Normal Body Response to Physical Activities

Task -Essay Scenario

In A Sunny Summer Day, A 30 Years Old Average Man Undertakes 90 Minutes Of Running.It Is 3.30 Pm And The Temperature Outside Is 29 Degrees.He Has Eaten A Rice-Based Lunch 2 Hours Earlier

Explain normal body responds to his everyday physical activities (Any: Mechanism of Breathing, Eating, Excretion and other physical activity –movement, co-ordination).

Explain how body responses are explained by cellular and tissue structure and physiology (suggestion: consider joints, voluntary muscles, blood, kidney, muscle action and locomotion, absorption of nutrients, gaseous exchange)

Explain how the body coordinates its internal activities,Discuss homeostasis with feedback loops designed to lower or raise relevant parameters,:

Physical activities and exercise are beneficial for health. It helps in keeping the normal homeostatic balance and correct physiological condition in body. Regular exercise can have short-term as well as long-term benefits for human. During exercise, the body muscle s and other organs work hard, for which the organ systems attempt to adapt for meeting the excessive requirement of the body (Powers, 2014). According to the internal and external environment of the body, the system and its contributors attempt to collaborate in their activities. This assignment will help to understand the physiological principles and function of normal body system aligning with environmental situation. The assignment would include the scenario of 30 year old man and physiological response of the body with his exercise and regular physiological activities.

The regular physical activities have a significant effect upon the body system based on which the human body system responds. Each process helps to meet the regular requirement of body for completing its metabolic and nutritional processes. The most important physical activity is breathing. Breathing is a physiological process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide (Nadel, 2012). At the time oxygen is inhaled, it is carried to the lung, by the upper respiratory system. The upper respiratory sends the air to the lung, the thoracic volume enhances and it enhances the intra-pulmonary pressure forcing the air to enter into the lung. Relaxation of diaphragm and muscles reduce the thoracic volume and enhances intra-pulmonary pressure above the atmospheric pressure, it causes the exhalation of carbon-dioxide full blood. This process is directly linked with the function of circulatory system. The oxygen diffuses to the small vessels known as alveoli (Teixeira et al. 2012).

The blood surrounding the blood vessels, i.e. the blood capillaries are very close to the alveoli. Oxygen diffuses through the wall of alveoli and enters in the blood vessels, where the oxygen is carried by the red blood cells to each cells of the body, where the respiration process occurs through which cells make energy, i.e. ATP for completing the regular physiological activities (Noakes, 2012). Similarly, the waste products of the metabolic activities are brought by the red blood cells and the carbon dioxide from red blood cell diffuses through the capillaries to the alveoli and exhaled through expiration. During exercise, the oxygen demands of cell enhances, thereby enhancing the breathing rate, respiration rate and strengthen the intercostals muscle for work fast. Eating is another physiological process which provides the body essential nutrients for completing the metabolic processes. The food consumed through the first part of digestive system, mouth and the food complex goes downward, while the digestive enzymes in different organs of digestive system digest it (Hall et al. 2012). Then in small intestine, the nutrients from the food are absorbed into the blood and red blood cells carry these nutrients to each cell for metabolism. From the simple components, cells utilize fat, carbohydrates, proteins and minerals for metabolism and energy gaining.

Body Response by Cellular Tissue and Tissue Structure and Physiology

The products that not digested are excreted by the excretion system, through large intestine, rectum and anus. It helps to excrete toxic substance from body. Kidney has a major role in excreting toxic substances through urination. Vitamin gained in the food helps in growth, development and fighting with the foreign pathogens. Regular physical exercise also helps to influence the body movements by strengthening the body muscles and enhancing muscle’s efficiency (Parizkova, 2012). In the case scenario, the man is exercising after 2 hours of taking meal. The exercise would also help to digest food rapidly and would enhance efficiency of digestion of food. The rapid digestion and utilization of food would be done during exercise and during the excessive demand of cells, the nutrients would be utilized from food and the metabolic system would prevent the storage of food or carbohydrate as fat, thereby reducing the chance of gaining overweight (Bouchard, Blair & Haskell, 2012).

During exercise, tissues in different organs respond in different ways. This response makes physiological changes in collaboration. The heart muscle, respiratory muscle as well as the skeletal muscles activates through the cutaneous vasodilation. Vasodilation of tissues helps in enhancing cardiac contractility for increasing blood to the respiratory muscles and the vasoconstriction occurs in renal, spanchnic and inactive skeletal muscle vascular beds for maintaining the blood pressure during exercise or running (Hu et al. 2014). The alterations in different regions are coordinated by sympathetic nervous system directing increased sympathetic outflow to the heart that results in increased cardiac output that evokes the baroreflex-mediated vasoconstriction in peripheral organs including the kidneys, small and large intestine and non-exercising skeletal muscles. During the hyperemia at the time of exercise, vasodilation mechanism involves direct effect of osmolites and production of NO via endothelium of vessels that supplies the regions including venules, lymphatic as well as arterioles, It has been revealed that during exercise, 80% flows to hard working muscles and blood flow towards kidney reduced, thereby producing a concomitant effect on glomerular filtration rate (Vahlkvist & Pedersen, 2011). The plasma antidiuretic hormone levels enhances via intense exercise that affects the urine flow. The post exercise proteinuria is mixed glomerular tubular type and increases clearance of plasma protein enhances glomerular permeability as well as inhibits tubular reabsorption of macromolecules (Underwood, 2012). Physical activity also affects bones and joints. During running, the muscle tissues pull on the bones, thereby strengthening them. The muscles and joints are responsible for flexed and extended movement.

Coordination of Body with its Internal Activities

The scenario is concentrated upon the person running for 90 minutes at evening after taking his lunch 2 hours before. Running has a number of benefits that are coordinated by the internal and external activities of the body. In this context, all the organ systems collaborate for gaining physiological benefits from the exercise. During exercise, body needs to work hard for meeting the additional demand of muscle tissues (Sherwood  Lauralee, 2012). During running or other intense exercise, muscles fire more rapidly than the resting situation, it leads to enhanced metabolic rate; enhanced metabolism produce more heat. Temperature rises during the muscle contraction. The heat cannot be dissipated, thereby raising the body temperature. However, raising the temperature can be harmful to body after a certain temperature. Sensing the body temperature the hypothalamus of brain coordinates to control the situation (Korthuis, 2011). It works as the thermostat after gaining feedback from the temperature receptors in body. After sensing the fact that, the body is too hot, the hypothalamus sends signal to body for starting the cooling system. The thermoregulation starts at that time.

During a run, brain sends signal to body skin to make the sebesean glands active for creating sweat and dissipating heat to the environment. For glucose homeostasis, the collaboration of adequate insulin secretion, suppression of hepatic glucose production and stimulation of glucose uptake by insulin-sensitive tissues are important (Parizkova, 2012). During exercise, to meet the excessive demand of energy, more glucose uptake is seen by muscle tissues. Exercise enhances the insulin secretion by producer cells and it influences the glucose uptake by muscle tissues through the activation of glucose transporters (GLUT), by the action of insulin, glucose transporters moves to plasma membrane from intracellular location, thereby facilitating glucose uptake (Noakes, 2012).

The autonomic nervous system also collaborates during exercise to control heart rate, blood pressure. The sympathetic nervous system is one part if autonomic nervous system controlling fight-to-fight response. Exercise decreases the activity of sympathetic system activities. Regular exercise lowers the stress in body and the activities lead to reduced activity of sympathetic nervous system and increases function of parasympathetic system activity, thereby controlling normal body functioning (Nadel, 2012).

It has been revealed that, blood flow increases during exercise for supplying more oxygen to the hardworking tissues. During exercise, the sympathetic nerve activity is increased, causing vasoconstriction. The blood pressure is controlled by baroflex which is done by baroreceptors which works by sensing blood pressure and informing to cardiovascular control center in brain. At the time of exercise, baroflex controls the blood pressure; it set the pressure at greater value, thereby controlling the pressure (Noakes, 2012). During exercise, a high pressure is needed for driving high blood flow around the body. Aligning with the situation, cardiovascular system, endocrine system as well as respiratory system collaborates for controlling the changes occurs during exercise. Around 80% blood is brought to muscle tissues by endocrine system (Powers, 2014). Increasing breathing rate the respiratory system helps in making blood cells oxygenated. On the other hand, cardiovascular system pumps blood faster for meeting the additional demand.

Conclusion

In conclusion, it can be said that, each part of human body coordinates during regular activities. During regular activities, the human body responds accordingly as well as undergoes adaptation as required to improve the metabolism and other internal activities. However, the exercise should be regulated and monitored according to the health status and physiological condition of the person. The assignment highlighted the healthy cooperation of Internal and external factors for responding regular physical activities; it also highlighted the role of cellular and physiological structure for responding regular activities. Finally, inter coordination of body during exercise has also been highlighted.

Reference List

Bouchard, C., Blair, S. N., & Haskell, W. (2012). Physical activity and health. Human Kinetics.

Hall, K. D., Heymsfield, S. B., Kemnitz, J. W., Klein, S., Schoeller, D. A., & Speakman, J. R. (2012). Energy balance and its components: implications for body weight regulation. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 95(4), 989-994.

Hu, G., Lindström, J., Valle, T. T., Eriksson, J. G., Jousilahti, P., Silventoinen, K., ... & Tuomilehto, J. (2014). Physical activity, body mass index, and risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with normal or impaired glucose regulation. Archives of internal medicine, 164(8), 892-896.

Korthuis, R. J. (2011). Exercise Hyperemia and Regulation of Tissue Oxygenation During Muscular Activity.

Nadel, E. (Ed.). (2012). Problems with temperature regulation during exercise. Elsevier.

Noakes, T. D. (2012). Fatigue is a brain-derived emotion that regulates the exercise behavior to ensure the protection of whole body homeostasis. Front Physiol, 3(82), 1-13.

Parizkova, S. (2012). Body fat and physical fitness: Body composition and lipid metabolism in different regimes of physical activity. Springer Science & Business Media.

Powers, S. (2014). Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Sherwood, & Lauralee. (2012).Essentials of physiology. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning,

Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 78.

Underwood, E. (2012). Trace elements in human and animal nutrition 4e. Elsevier.

Vahlkvist, S., & Pedersen, S. (2011). Fitness, daily activity and body composition in children with newly diagnosed, untreated asthma. Allergy,64(11), 1649-1655.