Energy Security And Refugee Crisis In UK: A Case Study

Background of the study

Discuss about Case Study for The Refugee Crisis in Africa as a Crisis of the Institution of the State?

This particular research has provided an in-depth understanding of the energy security and refugee crisis of UK. Moreover, this research project has focused on how UK has to face a major crisis on their socio-economic status because of over population. The population had been over-flow in various European countries because of the immigration plan of many refugees at the time of conflict in Syria. A large number of people from Syria intended to move to the European countries. As a result, countries of Europe especially UK had to suffer from dwindling situation in both socially and economically. In addition, the energy crisis of UK at present time has taken into consideration. The three primary power station of UK after being closed rendered a major crisis on the inhabitants of UK. As a result, people have to face a serious problem in order to lead their life. Therefore, researchers have taken those issues sincerely and tend to solve these problems by proving necessary recommendation.

In this particular research work also, the researcher has focused on the two issues categorically that include energy security of UK and the refugee crisis of UK at the same time.  For that purpose, this particular research has intended to collect sufficient data and information by applying various sources. The aims and objectives in this context have also been established so that the purpose of conducting this research can be highlighted. The researcher has used appropriate research philosophy, approach and design with the help of which the researcher can collect sufficient data and information in order to complete the project successfully. In addition, the researcher has decided to use quantitative data analysis technique so that the researcher can conduct an effective survey for collecting sufficient data and information. Some of the recommendations have also been pointed out so that the researcher can get some relevant suggestion regarding the execution process and techniques.

Energy security and refugee crisis in UK has become a frequent headline in British daily newspaper. After the shutdown of three major power station of UK, people have to face immense difficulties in order to lead their life successfully (Abdullahi 2013). In addition, a large number of people has left their home and immigrated in UK for getting a safe and healthy life. The primary reasons of shifting their place are natural disaster, agitation, war and conflict and so on. The percentage if Syrians and Afghanistan is huge among the other refugees (Amit and Riss 2009).  They have chosen European countries as their secured place for leading a life. Most of the European countries are developed enough. People can maintain their bread and butter easily. That was the primary reason for choosing UK as their shelter. In this situation, the government of UK has to face immense challenges in order to cope up with such an over flow of population (Asfahani 2007). Serious impact has been fallen on the social culture as well as on the economical strength.

Aims and Objectives

In this situation, the research has pointed out how the people of UK have to suffer in socio-economic crisis because of over population. With the help of this research, the research has come across many people belonging to UK for knowing how they have to face obstacles for leading a successful life (Barutciski 2011). In addition, before choosing this topic as a part of research, the researcher has made an effective conversation with the managers of power station in order to know their point of view regarding their energy crisis of UK. After getting feedback from different corners, the researcher considers that these two issues should be highlighted so that some relevant recommendations can be emerged for solving the problems.

The aim of this research is to identify the issue why United Kingdom has to face energy deficiency that has caused a major hindrance in their day-to-day life of UK people (Mason 2009). Moreover, the researcher has aimed at to provide solution regarding this matter so that people of UK have not to suffer because of it (Mcadam 2011). In addition, refugee crisis is also a serious issue that the researcher has pointed out in this particular project (Bhandari 2009). Therefore, the aim of the researcher is to highlight the negative outcome on the economical strength of this country because of which people of UK have to face immense challenges for leading a systematic life (Oloka-Onyango 2013).

Several objectives are there for which the researcher has intended to choose energy security and refugee crisis as a part of research issue (Biondi and Suzuki 2008). The objectives of conducting this project are as follows:

To understand the factors of occurring energy shortage in UK

To highlight the reasons of choosing UK as the shelter for the immigrates

To critically analyze how the country like UK has to face challenges both socially and economically because of this immigration process

To recommend necessary suggestion in order to overcome the situation

The research questions that have been made for making the research are as follows:

What are the necessary factors that affect the energy security of UK?

Why have the refugees coming from Syria and Afghanistan chosen UK as their shelter?

What are the socio-economic impacts of UK because of this immigration?

What plans and policies should be taken on behalf of the UK Government for bringing the situation normal?

What recommendation should be provided in order to overcome this situation?

Research Questions

In this particular section, four questions regarding the issue have been thrown in order to highlight the reasons of choosing energy security and refugee crisis of UK as their current topic.

What is the issue?

Energy shortage and refugee crisis have become regular breaking news in UK. The three major power stations of UK after being closed raised an innumerable crisis on the day-to-day life of UK people (Boswell 2010). In addition, after being victimized in the war conflict, the people of Syria have moved from their own country to UK (Maridal 2013). As a result, it has become an additional problem to UK government for handling the situation. This is the primary reason for selecting this issue as a research topic (Chadwick 2012).

Why is it an issue?

Energy security and refugee crisis has become one of the major issues in United Kingdom currently (Koudelka 2014). Many researchers have decided to conduct their research based on that topic in order to identify the problem and to make a sound solution regarding this matter (Kessler 2010). It has been observed that in last two decades, more than thirty million people have shifted to UK for seeking their shelter (Cohen and Rettab 2010). In this situation, UK Government has to face immense barriers to settle down the entire circumstances in normal situation. Consequently, more than thirty percent of their population has been raised because of immigration (Ibeanu 2009). The economical and social status has been affected because. Therefore, many researchers have granted this matter seriously (Cole 2013). They have intended to make a way of solution to overcome this static situation. In this study also, the researcher has chosen this particular topic in order to identify different factors of energy deficiency in UK Colin (Glass et al. 2009). Moreover, the researcher has intended to provide a sound solution as well so that this static situation can be overcome.

What does the issue shed light?

The primary issue has shed light on different factors that have been affected for the cause of immigration process in UK (Gibney 2011). For the cause of overpopulation raised for the cause refugees moved from Syria after war, the permanent inhabitants of United Kingdom has to face immense challenges in order to lead a systematic life (Crisp 2013). They have to face energy deficiency that affects on the different industries of business organizations. Moreover, the people of UK have to face job crisis. Their economical development begins to reduce. Moreover, the cultures and attitudes also begin to be amalgamated (Crisp and Tan 2011). Therefore, through this research work, the researcher has pointed out some necessary way out for UK government as well as the inhabitants of UK (Galindo-Rueda 2011).

Rationale

The first part of the research work deals with the Introduction part. In this part, the background of the study has been discussed in detail. In the background part, the researcher has clearly discussed the previous occurrences for which energy security and refugee have become an issue (Davis and Webster 2014). The aims and the objectives have been fixed as well so that the researcher can make clear the purpose of this research work. In the rationale part, the issue has been discussed in detail (Eshun and Tonto 2014). The researcher has pointed why this particular topic has become an issue now. Moreover, different factors that have been affected because of immigration have been discussed in this particular section. Therefore, the researcher has aimed at to provide a brief on the different factors of this particular topic for which it has been raised in the headline (Fiddian-Qasmiyeh 2011). The first chapter also includes the fact that one of the primary objectives of this specific research is to provide some effective recommendation so that some necessary solutions can be provided to overcome the present situation (Frank 2009).

Energy security is one of the most popular topics that can frequently be seen in British headlines. The issue often displayed the need to make sure there is enough amount of electricity to keep all the lights on. But in recent times, energy security encompasses a much wider set of concerns. A balanced policy in response to the expected challenges needs to be employed by the British government to secure the energy for future. According to a report in 2015, twenty million people around the globe have been driven out from their homes by persecutions, armed conflict, natural disaster and other causes. This increases the need for energy in some specific countries. Since almost all aspect of human lifestyles depends on energy, countries like UK are becoming more depended on the import of fossil fuels. It also has to face the increasing level of energy demanded because of the refugee people. It also has been highlighted in recent times that the UK energy sector has to face because of the climate changes.

In the last few years, UK faces a huge shortage of energy after the closure of three major power stations. This situation has increased the risk of power blackouts. The safety gap between electricity generating capabilities and demand is likely to do go down to just 1.2 per cent, influencing National Grid to pay energy suppliers to reopen the power stations (Simpson 2015).  According to the director of National Grid, it has been clear that electricity margin during the winter season is currently tighter comparing to the next few years because of the closure of the power grids. However, national grid has confirmed that their emergency capacity would be enough to handle the present crisis in energy for the UK. Energy Ministry of UK has mentioned their priorities to secure the energy for British families (Catchpole and Coulombier 2015).

However, there has been silence from the British ministers over the energy issues arise because of the refugee problem. But they promise to implement a new approach to immigration. The British government aims to reduce the migration percentage to tens of thousands but they failed repeatedly failed to achieve this target (Rzayeva et al. 2013).

Reducing the demand of the energy and increasing the energy efficiency are one of the major elements of the current transformation of the energy systems. Given the negative environmental effects and provision of nuclear base energy provision a complete transformation of energy systems towards a dependable path is a necessity. A sustainable energy system has to be oriented for the wellbeing of the society while providing supply security as well as resolving economic efficiency (Smelser 2013). However, to speed up the transformation processes are generally not agreed upon. Since, the huge uncertainty involved in the transformation process, it should allow flexibility and the resulting system need to have an inherent diversity (Gilbert 2015).

From the economic perspective, energy efficiency gap is one of the major factors of countries overall development. The existence of this energy gap is usually attributed to a multitude of many aspects ranging from direct efficiency related issues to more general barriers in the market. The issue related to energy efficiency is currently getting a lot of attention in the UK. Dwindling reserves in the North Sea implemented closure of a number of power station grids has drawn attention on the problem of ensuring the lights not to go out. But energy security does not necessarily indicate only about electricity. Transport accounts for nearly every of our oil use and a major proportion of natural gas is used in commercial and domestic aspects. This indicates the distribution of oil and gas supplies could leave UK in the dark (Ting 2015).

In the present situation, The UK is moving quickly from comparative self-sufficiency to import dependence for coal, oil and gas. The majority of the oil and gas are imported from Norway. However, the transition of the UK is occurring very quickly than some other countries. But still demand for energy is rising particularly from China and India. This leads to the uncertainty of whether the future demand for energy will be met or not. This uncertainty is one the major concern for the UK’s government. Since, it faces both short and long term threats to its energy security, which are completely different from each other. The major short term threat is the risk of disruptions to the supply of gas from Europe. Violation of oil price can also be considered as the one of the factors of short-term risks.

Since energy is one of the primary needs of today’s human life style. The UK government focuses on to the immigration issue very seriously. Major European countries are facing this problem of people from different parts of the world coming to these few countries that are affecting the requirement of energy very quickly. Between last two decades almost 27 million people have come to UK. Thus direct immigration accounted for 31.5 percent of the UK population has been increased during this period. The correlation between increased UK energy consumption and the increase in the population are probably the major factor for UK's energy shortage. Since the per capita consumption of energy in the residential sector remain almost same. Thus, the increase in the usage of residential energy is entirely because of population growth.

UK's higher percentage of GDP is derived from service industries, such as- banking, medical, travel services etc. The majority of the usage of the energy in these industries appears in the commercial category in the energy sector. If per capita consumption of industrial and commercial sectors are added together, the total consumption of energy has not been increased by much. Hence, again this increase may entirely depend on the population growth and it has been identified that the one of the major factors for growth of the population in the UK is because of the immigration issue.

In the UK, economic freedom has been on an upward path for last five years. The UK economy has exhibits comparatively high resilience. In the last decades, the UK has faced a steady flow of immigrants into the economy which boosted the population of the UK by ten million in last five years. These immigrants have major impact on the UK economy. Since migrants are likely to of working age, they increase the labor force and potential capacity of delivering output of the economy. Migrants also increase the total spending of the economy. In fact, migration can make an economy looks stronger than it is. The impact of net migration creates more flexibility in the UK labor market. This positive impact by the immigrants cannot be denied by the UK government. But still it has to considered that the UK is already been overcrowded and the government has facing lot of difficulties to provide the required energy to this increased populations (Turner 2015). 

The concept of refugee crisis describes the impact that a country has to face because of the immigrants. According to the United States Refugee Agency, almost 60 million people are forced to move from their birth place in last three years worldwide and many have been displaced within their countries. Although the refugee concept is not a phenomenon, there has been a huge increase in the number of armed conflicts in recent times that have made this issue more prominent.  In developed countries like the USA, UK, Germany etc, this has been a major issue for the last few decades. In 2015, more than million refugees and migrants have crossed into Europe. This has created crisis as most of the countries are unable to cope up with this increased population. However, one cannot decline the positive impact of these new population but still providing proper energy sources to this increased population are considered as one the major issues of refugee crisis.

Under the Dublin Convention, refugees have to apply for asylum in the first nation they enter. But most of them do not want to remain in an overwhelmed countries like Greece, they press ahead towards the richer countries. This makes the refugee crisis even more serious issue for the developed countries.  However, there have been many difficulties in the implementation of the Dublin Convention. In the UK, the convention has made swift removal of asylum seekers under the third country rules which is lengthier and complex process and it has negligible amount of impact on the asylum seeker (Philips 2016). 

There have been many reasons that cause people to move from their birth place to a different country. The conflict in Syria, Afghanistan and Iraq has forced people to move to the developed countries like the United Kingdom. Many types of research have established the fact that for the last five years percentage of people that are moving from their birth country to developed countries has been increased immensely (Ozturk et al. 2013). According to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), there have been more than million people arrived in Europe by sea and almost thirty-five thousand people have come by land. This increasing number of migrants has created crisis for the resources in the developed countries (Akgündüz et al. 2015).

According to the UNHCR, more than million people have made their way to the countries like the UK, Germany etc via sea in 2015 alone. These people mainly pass through the Greece and go on through the Balkans and other countries to come to the developed countries like UK where the standard of living is high. The UNHCR states that this number of refugees coming to the developed countries will not slow down in near future. Hence, the UK government has focuses on to this issue to minimize adverse impact of refugee crisis (O'Fallon 2016).

Leader across different continent have made it one of their top priorities to move towards energy independence for the entire European Union. But to implement this, two major interconnected factors- energy infrastructure and geopolitics are have to be considered. However, infrastructure in energy sector is not necessarily only about pipelines (Maystadt and Verwimp 2014). The electricity networks also had to be build with a diverse mix of energy sources, including nuclear, coal and other alternative sources. But obviously pipelines are relevant for the countries like UK, whose majority of their required energy has been imported from other countries (Anthias 2013).

As the United Kingdom considers different policies to curb greenhouse gas emissions, the impact of immigration on the level of emission cannot be ignored. Over the last two decades, the foreign born population has increases at a rate of 4 percent (Lee and Hüttemann 2014). This continues increment in the foreign-born population implies almost 45 million increments in the population of the UK. This increment in the population also increases the required energy to provide by the UK government but due to closure of three major electric grids, they are facing real difficulties to provide the desired level of energy (Leach and Mearns 2013).

The relationship between increased population and energy consumption can also be explained by the per capita usage of energy. Since it has been found that consumption of per capita consumption of energy in the residential sector has not been changed over time, it emphasizes that the growth in energy demanded has only risen because of increased in the population (Kanchi et al. 2015). In industrial sector of the UK, the energy consumption was found virtually unchanged while 30 percent decline in per capital consumption has been identified in the UK. Many factors were responsible for this decline (Cutler 2016).

In the UK’s transport sector, an increase in the energy consumption has been identified. However, this sector has also experienced an increase in per capita energy consumption. The major factor for this growth is over population which is mainly happened because of immigration. As the vehicle-miles goes up to three times, it affected the total requirement of energy in a big way (Albahari 2015).

Beyond the UK’s present situation in which fulfilling energy consumption is a serious concern. Other factors that have to be kept in mind is majority of the energy consumption is of fossil fuels that are non-renewable (Nikunen 2014). For that reason, the United Kingdom has increasingly becoming dependent on foreign sources of petroleum. This decline in domestic production has been one of the major issues of energy sector for the UK for last few years (Aiyar et al.2016).

Although few studies explore the better outcomes, many studies also explore the negative effect that an economy has to face because of refugee overflow. Underpinning the importance of analysis of the resettled refugees in UK society is categorized under normative systems. The influxes of migration challenge the sedentary notion of an individual refugee (Hunt 2013). Although this cannot be separated easily, the exact effect of migration on an economy cannot be determined (Kern et al. 2014). It has been identified that energy uses of households depend on many factors like- available of energy, local incomes, local environment etc. Since there are too many variables, there is no particular universally accepted estimate which can highlight the exact amount of energy uses that has been increased due to refugee overflow. Energy needs are instead explained in terms of the required services, such as energy for lighting and cooking (Hanania 2014).

In Poor people’s energy outlook (PPEO), a concept of “Total Energy Access” in which it outlined many services believed to be needed by a household. The proposed standard here gives an indication that will show the future need of energy by households. Energy is needed for refugee camp administration purpose. This required electricity is either provided by stand alone generators or centralized diesel generators. The required energy investment is completely different for these two types (Gros 2015). Hence, it is very hard to estimate total amount of energy consumed by the refugees. The environmental impacts on the refugees are also varied according to the location. There have many types of research that concluded the difference between men and women in energy consumption in the developed countries. This study makes it even harder for the UK government to understand the amount energy that would be required for the nation in near future (Dixon et al. 2013). 

Conclusion:

In conclusion, new approach in aligning refugee’s energy needs with the host country governments existing policies are being tried in attempt to give advantage to the local countries and refugees. A meaningful structural changes need to be employed by the government to acknowledge the secondary migration issue. An energy crisis can brought many factors in the field of economic activity. Factors like pipeline failures, terrorist attack on important energy infrastructure etc can also be one of the major causes of energy crisis. Hence, it is necessary from government point of view to consider all these possible factors before making any structural changes to minimize the impact of refugee overflow in the economy.

Research philosophy:

The research philosophy facilitates the researcher to enhance the knowledge while conducting the research study. The study is based on the research methodology and concepts. The research should use the several adoption policies. These should be analyzed in different methods. In this context, the research is based on the topic about the energy security and refugee crisis in UK.  There are several philosophies available for analyzing the topic in a practical way.

While conducting the research study, there are two types of philosophy such as subjectivism and objectivism. In objectivism philosophy, it interprets a statement as true if it is verified previously. It helps the researcher to provide figures about the research topic. On the other hand, the subjectivism philosophy suggests that there is no such existing fact (Alasuutari 2010). It is based on the beliefs.

There are two philosophy exist in the process of researching the topic such as positivism and interpretivism. Positivism philosophy is the most scientific approach to analysis the topic. Through the engagement of this research method, the research could organize the study in a detailed manner (Ellingsen et al. 2010). The positivism research design includes hypothesis setting, data collection, data analysis and findings of the research topic. On the other hand, interpretivism is used for research study to be executed for long period (Fielding 2010). Therefore, the researcher might face difficulties in using this technique to analyze the topic.

Justification for choosing:

In this particular topic, the researcher has to analysis the migrant crisis in UK. The issue has been growing in the society depending on various aspects. There are more than a million migrants and refugees crossed into Europe. In this context, the researcher has used the positivism research method. It has facilitated him to analysis the topic in detail manner. The positivism research philosophy is an appropriate approach to analysis the topic (Fotios  2015). The positivism theory provides supports the research topic for collecting actual research database about the migrant issues in UK.

There are two research approaches such as inductive and deductive research approach. The research engages the limited data about the topic. As per the evolution, the researcher could use deductive research approach for the analysis of the topic. The implication of deductive research approach facilitates the theoretical information to support the process of gathering research data in an appropriate manner (Novoseloy 2010).

In the inductive research approach, the researcher is required to follow the different database collection, data analysis theory and observation.

The deductive research approach engages to enhance the logical and practical analysis of the topic.

Justification for selection:

In this analysis, the researcher has selected the deductive research approach to analyze the topic. It has been addressed that the implication of deductive research approach facilitates the researcher to enhance his theoretical adoption (Popping 2012). In this context, the researcher needs to gather different information on the topic. Therefore, the selection of deductive research approach is justified for the topic. 

There are two research strategies such as qualitative and quantitative research strategy.

In this segment, the researcher needs to collect some numeric data, asses their validity and reliability. This data collection technique engages the analysis of raw data collected from several sources. The quantitative research technique includes the interview session with the respondents (Preser 2014). In this context, the researcher has followed the quantitative data analysis.

On the other hand, qualitative data analysis includes a descriptive form of evaluation. Through the engagement of this data collection technique, the researcher has collected enough data on the research topic about the energy security and refugee crisis. The topic has been selected based on the academic interest and aims, objectives of the overall research. The researcher as done the hypothesis based on the topic. The literature review has been provided in a detailed manner so that the issues could be addressed properly. The detailed discussion on the literature review has allowed the researcher to get an overview of the topic. The researcher has collected the secondary data from various sources such as websites, journals and books (Crano et al 2015). The researcher has provided the conclusions and recommendations based on the analysis from the collected data. The insightful results have also been provided at the end of the research. The researcher has provided the critical analysis on every part of the topic. The researcher has provided different strategies and operations to research the topic.

Justification for selection:

In this context, the researcher has used the quantitative data analysis, as it is easily accessible.  The information on the particular topic has provided detail information about the issues of the topic.

The research design provides the support to the research study. The research analysis is always based on the design and pattern of the research aim and objectives (Hammersley 2010). In a case study based research work, the researcher gets an observation to demonstrate the present scenario of the issues. In this context, the researcher has analyzed the topic about the migrant crisis in UK. therefore,  the study based research work allows the researcher to concentrate on the particular study areas with better information.

Justification for selection:

In this context, the researcher has selected the case study based approach so that the analysis could be done in a detailed manner. The researcher has used different analytical tools in order to provide a solution to the topic. The entire research work has been discussed in a practical manner for the betterment of the analysis. Therefore, the selected design is highly appreciated for the research study about the energy security and refugee crisis, the socio economic impacts on the UK.

The sample selection is the most important parts of the analysis of the topic. It is the important aspect of gathering different primary data. The data has been utilized to conduct a survey within the given period. The sampling plans are conducted during the preparation of the research analysis (Kumar 2011). Theses research related activities change for adopting the proper sample procedure, sample size and units. As per proper aim of the research project, the researcher needs to deal with the several primary and secondary data within the specific time period. In this context, the researcher has planned to select the sample based on the random sampling method. Generally, the sampling technique include two types of sampling method such as probability and non-probability sampling method.

The probability sampling techniques is based on the three different approaches such as sample procedure, sample units and the sample size. There are primarily two sampling such as probability sampling and non-probability sampling. The probability sampling suggests a procedure where the researcher must select the sample depending on the random selection (Kumar 2011). The researcher has collected and utilized several factors for presenting different probability samples, which are based on the different sample method. The proper methodology and the concept behind choosing the random selection are to make the research analysis easier and unbiased. Moreover, the random selection method provides the better analysis by conducting better data for the topic about the energy security and refugee crisis in UK within a given period.

Justification of sampling strategy:

For this study, the researcher will collect all data related to the case topic about the migrant crisis in UK. There are many data available on the research topic as this issue has been growing in the society. The researcher can use several journals and books in order to analysis the topic in a practical manner. There is numerous data available on the websites and it can facilitate the researcher to do better analysis of the research topic.

As per the research study, the data collection method will be simple and easy so that the viewers could understand it properly. The researcher has selected different methodology such as questionnaires, interview methods. Data collecting models have been selected to analysis the energy security and the migrant crisis in the UK. In this study, the researcher needs to understand the different methodology by utilizing collected primary and secondary database of the required research topic (Hammersley 2010). There are two types of methodology such as primary and secondary data collection methods.

Primary data collection method:

In the primary data collection method, the researcher needs to collect the data depending on the quantitative method. It includes different types of data analysis. Some database collection activities can be done by making questionnaire on the research topic. The questionnaires play a vital role in analyzing the topic. It helps the researcher to prepare the pilot study during the observation of reliability (Fotios 2015). As per the entire analysis, the questionnaires are the best method to collect the primary data for analyzing the research topic.

Secondary data collection method:

The secondary database is the utility from the primary database. The secondary data base could b collected easily from several sources. The researcher could collect the data from internet sources, articles and some of related migrant crisis information within a specific period. This data collection procedure actually supports the research study in a detailed way.

After accumulating all data regarding the research topic about the energy security and the refugee crisis, the researcher needs to analysis the data in a detailed way so that the research study could be justified. The analysis of data or information has been collected based on various calculation, estimations, and implementations of the various analytical models. In this context, the researcher has to analysis the migrant crisis in the UK. Therefore, the researcher has to accumulate all data regarding the topic. For example, there are some countries such as Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Kosovo, Albania and Pakistan chose the UK to claim asylum. Most of the migrants chose the European countries to claim asylum, as they feel secure there. Therefore, the researcher has to analysis the current statistics about the migrants in the UK. The movements of local government need to be analyzed in a proper manner. The researcher has to gather all current database as the number of migrant has been rising very fast. For example, asylum claim in Europe in 2015 is 1321560 and this figure is increasing day by day. In the analysis method, the researcher needs to gather data to find out the actual reason behind the situation.

The research study consists of several codes of conducts. The researcher needs to follow some ethics while conducting the research topic. The researcher needs to conduct the interview during lag period. It facilitates to reduce the collide situation. It also required the permission from the respondents to collect the data regarding the topic. The researcher must be aware of the fact that the collected data should be used for the research purposes only (Novoselov 2010). No one should have the access to collected data. The researcher needs to accomplish the research study within the given period. For accomplishing the analysis within time, the researcher can use the time schedule method. The researcher is not allowed to force the respondents to provide the appropriate data on the research topic.  The researcher should collect the valid data from the secondary sources, as there are numerous wrong data available on the internet. Therefore, the researcher must choose the proper source of data to analysis the topic in a practical manner.

The entire methodology section is consisted with the research physiology, research approaches, research sampling techniques and the data collection methodology. There are some accessibility issues faced by the researcher while collecting the data on the particular topic. The data collection methods are also important for gathering actual data on the energy security and the migrant or refugee crisis in the UK. The researcher has properly conducted the data collection technique in order to analysis the topic in a better way. Through the engagement of different methodology tools, the researcher has shed lights on the research topic to get better analysis of the issue.

Data analysis and interpretation:

In this context, the researcher has provided several facts about the energy security and the refugee crisis in the UK. The researcher has also engaged the collected secondary data from several sources to improve the quality of the analysis. Different policies on the topic have been discussed in the study.

The refugee crisis in the UK is a growing fact and it has great impact on the society. On the other hand, several factors affect the energy security of UK. The researcher has discussed those factors in an appropriate manner.

The primary threats of the energy security in the UK are as follows:

The incapacity of the electricity infrastructure to meet growing load demand

Threats on the centralized power generation infrastructure, transmission and distribution grids or gas pipeline

The restrictions from the global supply caused by the political influences

Extreme volatility in oil and gas markets

Some other factors influence the energy security such as depleting the fossils fuels, the security from the Middle East and the energy–rich countries. The energy supply constraints due to several factors such as political influences, armed conflicts, trade embargoes. It may cause the physical supply interruption (Crano et al. 2015). There are some factors affecting UK’s energy security such as follows:

The North Sea gas has been diminishing. Hence, it is expected to run out within 50 years. Over 90% of the UK gas supply was produced in the UK in 2004. However, the gas supply is expected to be less than 10% in 2020 (Mueller 2012). The country needs to import 20% of their required gas. The political power of the UK goes down and the gas rich nations like Russia enhance their political power to get better outcome.

Fuel type	Share of UK total for type (%)
Gas	<2
Oil	<10
Coal	37

Table: UK fossil fuel supply from Russia

(Source: Bird 2007)

Oil availability:

The increasing pricing of the oil is a serious issue in the UK. The political instability with the oil producing countries increases the effect of oil availability issue (Jewell et al. 2014). However, the local government tries to improve the situation by improving the relation with the oil production countries.

Global warming and renewable energy concerns:

Restrictions on the over use of coal energy could reduce the energy security. Moreover, the limited amount of solar power encourages the nation to enhance the energy resources. The cost of building a nuclear plant is very high (Warren 2014). Therefore, the local government is less concern about it.

It is meaningless to try to increase energy security through the replacement of fossil fuel. As the fossil fuel does not affect the energy security, it encourages importing the fossils fuel. There are three primary reasons for this such as follows:

Energy market provides security:

The oil and coal can be purchased in the world market safely. However, many people think that the energy markets are unreliable, volatile and unstable. The markets are more stable than the government policies on the energy. Government frequently changes the energy policies. Therefore, it can be said that the government policy is not trustworthy. Flexible and well functioning energy markets with large number of buyers and sellers provide security. For example, in the oil market, every day 86 million barrels are being sold (Foxon 2013). Therefore, it is expected that the global oil market have no danger to fallout in the future.

Energy embargoes do not work:

Oil prohibition in a particular state does not work. There is no such rule to embargoes the energy as it not belongs to the national market. There is only the global market for the oil energy. Oil shipment goes to those countries that offer best prices. The transportation process of oil is very easy as it can be transport to the any geographic area by train, lorry, ship or the pipeline. The major fossil-fuel producing countries have strong incentives to sell their oil, coal and gas (Mitchell et al. 2013). These sales dominate the international market. Moreover, it facilitates the country to enhance their economical strength.

The impact of LNG and the shale revolution

The liquefied natural gas technology and the shale gas on the gas market encourage the nation to import fossil fuel. LNG is cooled down in special facilities. Tankers can transport it. Hence, the exporters of the LNG do not need to depend on the pipeline for selling the gas. The British organizations have been developing the LNG facilities. Now days, the cost of liquefying the gas and re-gasifying gas is quite substantial. Therefore, there is no global price for gas.

Figure: Increasing LNG share in total gas trade

(Source: Bird 2007)

There are some ways where the energy security could be improved. the process starts by identifying the ways to secure the supply of fossils fuel. It can be processed through alternative fuels and demand reduction.

Provide security to supply fossils fuels with climate change:

The government has suggested maintaining the data transparency in the energy market. There are many organizations are making business without having proper data about the business. It is like a key barrier in the market. The joint oil data initiative is an effective approach towards the improvement of the process. It is collaboration between ix international organizations. On the other hand, the future production of the crude oil depends on several factors such as capacity to extract and refine oil, geopolitical tensions, and the entire volume of the remaining oil reserves. The non conventional source of oil like oil sands, extra heavy oil, and the oil shale would also attractive segment for the market.

Figure: Supply of non-conventional oil, 2005-2030

(Source: Mueller 2012)

Substitute to fossil fuel:

If the alternative processes are used for energy, the dependency on the fossil fuel will be decreased. It may contribute huge in energy security. There are two alternative non-fossils sources of electricity such as renewable and nuclear power. The UK has many resources pf renewable energy. However, the wind resources of UK could provide the electricity to the major part of the nation. Several factors identify the proper resources of electricity.  It has been reported that 4.6% of the UK electricity production was done from the renewable resources (Belkin et al. 2013). Therefore, the government took the initiative to use those resources for generating the electricity.

Demand reduction:

The reducing demand is always helpful for the improvement of the energy security. However, it is very difficult for the society to reduce the energy demand. Some studies have enlightened the fact that the UK’s total energy could be finished by 2050 (Twidell and Weir 2015). Therefore, it is a major factor for the government to take an initiative for the improvement of the issue. The local government should take the initiative for reducing the demand of the energy. The usage of the solar system could be an option to reduce the energy sources. Therefore, the government should implement different projects on the solar techniques.

The key objective of the UK government is to ensure the energy security to the domestic customers. The government has said on the White paper (2011) about the low capacity margins that could target the supply shortages. It costs the UK economy up to £600 million (Winzer 2012). The de-carbonization policy is also a vital factor of the energy security. Through the engagement of this process, the local government wants to secure the demand of their domestic customers. The four key policy goals of the UK government are stated below:

Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions by 60% by 2050

Maintaining the reliable energy supplies

Promotion of the competitive markets in the UK that helps the rate of sustainable economic growth and enhances the productivity

Ensure that every house is adequately heated

The reduction of the carbon dioxide emissions could facilitate majorly in enhancing energy security. The policy recognizes the strength of the energy as it is responsible for the economical growth of the country. The policy also suggest to increase the energy about 30-35GW for the betterment of the future energy security (Ang et al.2015). The policy focuses on the renewable energy. The wind power energy of the UK was over 5.7 gigawatts by mid-2011. It was the eighth largest producer of wind energy in the world.

Figure: Electricity generation from renewable sources in the UK in 2009

(Source: Lehmann and Joseph 2015)

The refugee crisis is a major problem for Europe. The refugees have been coming from several parts of the world to the UK and others European countries for asylum. This issue has been getting bigger shape over the past decade. The majority of the refugee chose Greece and Italy for asylum. However, Germany is the most popular destination for the asylum seekers. The asylums seekers are mostly belong to Syria (Sirkeci et al. 2012). There are four million people have left Syria to avoid the country conflict.  Another 7.5 million people have been moved away from Syria to find the better place. The main objective of the UK government is to provide the security to those people who have suffered from the physical and sexual abuse, disabilities. The UK government has provided special consideration for the children and women of Syria (McMahon 2012).

It has been reported that most of the migrant belong to Syria. In 2015, the largest number of population have requested for asylum in European countries (Meardi et al. 2012). The refugees come from Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Kosovo, Albania, Pakistan, Eritrea, Nigeria, Iran and Ukraine. The number of refugee increases in Europe as the total asylum claims in Europe in 2015 is 1,321,560. As per the estimation of international organization, more than 1011700 migrants arrived by sea in 2015, and almost 34,900 by land. The UK gets 60 asylum applications per 10000 local people (Joppe 2012).

Figure: First time application in 2015, in thousand

(Source: Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts - BBC News 2016)

The UK government has provided enough support to the refugees. The main priority is to provide security to the children and women in the society. The government follows some other factors against the asylum claim. The most asylum claims have been approved by Germany.

Figure: Total claims granted by country

(Source: Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts - BBC News 2016)

The refugee council tries to find the alternative option to secure safety for the refugees in the UK and others European countries. The UNHCR has identified around 960000 refugees who need resettlement. However, the UK has provided asylum to 750 refugees in a year through the gateway protection program. They have resettled 216 refugees from Syria (Van Hooren 2012). At the time of crisis, the council has declared that the UK should provide tens of thousands of additional places to the refugees. It is the prime duty of the local government to observe the situation very carefully. The refugee should reunite with their families and relatives in the UK. There are very few refugees has admitted their families in the country. The safe and the legal routes of asylum must be established in an appropriate method. Many countries offer humanitarian visas that enable refugees to get the proper protection. The government can play a vital role through the implementation of Dublin III regulations (McCollum et al.2013). As per this regulation, an individual applies asylum in a European state but he previously made an application in another country. In this type of scenario, the individual could be transferred to the European state. The Dublin regulation has been modified twice. In 1^st January, 2014, the recent version of Dublin III has been published. As per this regulation, the countries that provide the asylum to the refugee should be aware of the family reunion and the principle of the family unity. Therefore, it is clear that the majority of the refugees coming to Europe do not depend on the UK. It has been reported that the asylum claim has been rising by 65% in the year (Meardi et al. 2012). However, the UK has raised their asylum capacity by 7%.

The refugee crisis has created several impacts on the socio-economic culture of UK. The impact of the refugee crisis in the UK is as follows:

Impact on the public finances:

In some cases, the refugee crisis has advantages in the Europe state. There are several European countries have agreed with the fact that they can spend additional money on refugees so that the EU commission could acknowledge this expenses in their financial budget (Joppe 2012).

The impacts on the labor market:

The asylum applications have been rising for the European states. Most of the applications come from Syria. The labor market of UK and other European states has been developing as they can use the strength of the refugees. They could provide low salary to the refugees in the organization. Moreover, the strength of the migrant could enhance the workforce in a particular organization.

Impact on the Healthcare systems:

Migrant crisis is a major issue that has been growing in European states. For example, Germany is expecting 1.5 million asylum-seekers in 2015 (McMahon 2012). These people want food, shelter and the access to basic needs. The enhanced healthcare system of the country provides safety to migrants. There could be arrival of new disease such as mushroom poisoning. Therefore, the country must have the upgraded facility in their healthcare department. However, it becomes a challenge for some European states to provide health services to the entire refugee community. The health care team of the country should have the screening for the communicable diseases along with the facilities for addressing the immediate health needs. 

Conclusion:

Therefore, it can be concluded that the energy security and migrant crisis are the most common issues among the European countries. In this context, the researcher has provided the detailed analysis on the energy security along with refugee crisis. Several discussions on the topic have been provided in the topic. The researcher has included the reliable data from the secondary sources such as journals, book and online sources for the execution of the research study in an appropriate manner. The researcher has enlightened the major factors of the topic. Trough the engagement of secondary data, the researcher has accomplished the analysis in a proper way.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Conclusion

In this particular chapter, the researcher has made a conclusion of the entire research work. In order to conduct a research successfully on the issues like energy security and refugee crisis, the researcher has made an effective literature review on it. The socio-economic affect of on people for the cause of refugee crisis has clearly been discussed in the literature review part. In the chapter of research methodology, the researcher has applied appropriate research philosophy, approach and design in order to gather relevant data for conducting the project successfully. Moreover, the researcher has collected sufficient data and information with the help of secondary data collection method. Necessary information has been collected from various books, articles on journals, newspapers, magazines and so many. After conducting the data collection techniques successfully, the researcher has analyzed the data and information for finding results. The findings have been described in the previous chapter in detail. The entire procedures have been maintained in a systematic way in order to conclude the research successfully. In addition, the data and information that have been collected from various resources are authentic and perfect.

Linking with objective 1: To understand the factors of occurring energy shortage in the UK

The energy shortage is a big issue in the UK. Many factors enhance the possibilities for the energy security. The incapacity of the electricity infrastructure is a big issue in the UK. The threats are centralized on the power generation infrastructure. Some time the political influences restrict the global supply of the electricity. Extreme volatility in the oil and gas markets is another threat for the UK for the shortage o the electricity. Some other factors also affect the energy security such as depleting the fossils fuel in the market. The armed conflicts and trade embargoes are also responsible for the energy security. The local government of the UK has identified some factors that affect the energy security such as shortage of gas and oil availability, global warming and the renewable energy crisis.

Linking with objective 2: To highlight the reasons of choosing UK as the shelter for the immigrates

The asylum claim is the common issue in the European states. The UK has been facing the same issue from the last decade. The asylum claims are coming from the Syria, Afghanistan, Iraq, Kosovo, Albania, Nigeria and Pakistan. The local government of the UK has made some policies on the migrant claims. The first priority for the approval of asylum is providing security to the children and women. Therefore, the people coming from Syria find security in the UK. Moreover, the healthcare services and other infrastructure of the country are better than other nations of Europe. The UK collects 60 asylum applications per 10000 local people. The government has provided the enough support to the refugees to balance their lives.

Linking with objective 3: To critically analyze how the country like UK has to face challenges both socially and economically because of this immigration process

The immigration process has several impacts on the nation. The refugee crisis creates impact the public finances, labor markets and the health care system. However, the refugee crisis makes some advantages on the public finance as the EU commission can acknowledge extra expanses in their financial budget. The major impact of the refugee crisis affects the health care system of the country. The UK government has declared that they need to enhance their healthcare process in order to provide the better and equal services to each individual in the society. There is a chance of facing new disease by the health care team. Therefore, the UK has been facing these issues in providing the better services to the refugees.

Linking with objective 4: To recommend necessary suggestion in order to overcome the situation

The UK government has been facing challenges for the last decades to provide security to the migrant due to some shortage of the infrastructure. They have decided to improve their healthcare services as they feel that they need to enhance the strength of their workforce in order to provide better security to the children and women. As per the refugee council recommendations, the local government should apply the Dublin III regulations. As per this regulation, the country that provides the asylum should provide the basic needs to the refugees and they should look after the family reunion and the principles of the family unity. The local government should propose some strategy in order to enhance the infrastructures of the country to provide better security to the asylum claimers. In the last year, the UK government has claimed that they have raised the asylum capacity by 7%.

In this part, the researcher has provided some of the relevant recommendations after conducting an effective research on those particular issues. The necessary ways to overcome the refugee crisis are as follows:

• Government should take initiative to establish an asylum procedure in Europe:

Refugees generally tend to settle in those areas, which are advantageous for maintaining their livelihood. It becomes a serious obstacle for the common people to lead their life systematically. Therefore, Government should take the policy in such a way that refugees can be restricted in a particular area or locality. Apart from that locality they should not be entertained to settle down.

• Proving a safe alternative option to the refugees:

As per the feedback of the refugees, it has been observed that maximum migrates intend to choose safe country in order to lead their life successfully. Therefore, UK is one of the most developed countries in Europe where people can easily lead their livelihood. Therefore, various government as well as non-government organizations should take the initiatives to convince the refugees. Refugees should choose to take shelter some other countries as well so that the entire pressure has not been driven in UK.

• To help Syria for ending the conflict:

Some of the Syrians have acknowledged the fact that they could have never taken the decision of immigration if they do not have to face war. Therefore, peace in their country is one of the major ways to avoid refugee crisis in UK. For that purpose, government of UK should help Syria to avoid conflict inside the country.

• Development in west African countries:

Most of the immigrants, who have to shift to UK, are from West African countries. One of the major causes of immigration is war and job crisis. Apart from war, the inhabitants of African countries have to face major challenges in order to maintain their livelihood. Those countries are so under-developed that, they do not maintain their livelihood properly. As a result, being compelled they have to leave their motherland. In this situation, the government of West African countries has to be very much concerned about that particular matter. They should implement some relevant plans and strategies so that countries can be developed.

This particular research is possessed with some limitations that the researcher has overlooked. While making the objectives, the researcher has not emphasized on few important matters such as the initiatives of government of UK regarding this matter. After all, government has to play a major role in order to overcome the situation. Therefore, the co-operation on behalf of government is urgently needed. Apart from that, in the literature review part, the study has not focused on the impact on people of UK after being affected socially and economically. The researcher could be specific about which particular sectors have been affected because of refugee crisis in UK.

In addition, in the research methodology section, the researcher could apply methodology that is more appropriate for this study. For an example, post-positivism philosophy would have been more appropriate for this particular study rather than only positivism philosophy. Post-positivism philosophy is out-an-out based on repeated observation. The believers of this particular philosophy believe that observation can be repeatable always but phenomenon is isolated. With the help of repeated observation, the researcher could get the opportunity to make a direct interaction with the people of UK. Furthermore, in this project, the researcher has avoided to use primary data collection method as it is very much time consuming. With the help of primary data collection technique, the researcher could gather information that is more detailed. Surveys or questionnaires could be made in order to collect feedback from the people of UK. Moreover, the researcher could interact with the refugees directly in order to know their crisis. Therefore, primary data collection technique is possessed with several advantages for making a research project successfully.

In order to make the research more resourceful and information based, the researcher can take care of several matters for future. The aims and the objectives of the research can be discussed more elaborate way. In the literature review part, the researcher may include the economical and social impact of refugee crisis on people. In the research methodology, the researcher can use post positivism philosophy for making the project more specific. In addition, both the quantitative and the qualitative data analysis techniques can be used for making the research project more accurate and systematic. These are the primary future scope of the study based on which the researcher can develop the quality of research.

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