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Answer:

 

Descriptive Statistics

 

N

Minimum

Maximum

Mean

Std. Deviation

Age

38681

16

59

20.50

4.889

Valid N (listwise)

38681

 

 

 

 

The average age of the data set is 20.50 years with a standard deviation of 4.889. The minimum age of the participants was 16 years, and the maximum is 59 years.

age category

 

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

18

11881

30.7

36.2

36.2

19 to 21

11666

30.2

35.6

71.8

22 to 25

5494

14.2

16.8

88.6

26 or more

3755

9.7

11.4

100.0

Total

32796

84.8

100.0

 

Missing

System

5885

15.2

 

 

Total

38681

100.0

 

 

 

Cohort

 

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

1

3259

8.4

8.4

8.4

2

3615

9.3

9.3

17.8

3

3944

10.2

10.2

28.0

4

4086

10.6

10.6

38.5

5

5010

13.0

13.0

51.5

6

5687

14.7

14.7

66.2

7

6383

16.5

16.5

82.7

8

6697

17.3

17.3

100.0

Total

38681

100.0

100.0

 

There was a gradual increase in the proportion of the people in the different cohort and the group number increases.

Gender

 

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

Male

10449

27.0

27.0

27.0

Female

28232

73.0

73.0

100.0

Total

38681

100.0

100.0

 

The sample has more male than male since there were only approximately 27% of male students and 73% females.

LIVING_ARRANGE

 

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

0

20840

53.9

53.9

53.9

At home

6850

17.7

17.7

71.6

College or other student residential environment

10991

28.4

28.4

100.0

Total

38681

100.0

100.0

 

Most of the students 53.9% did not give their living arrangement. Of those that specified their arrangement of life 17.7% lived at home and those that lived at the campus, with friends or other residential places were 28.4%.

Faculty

 

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

Arts and Sciences

9004

23.3

23.3

23.3

Education

15038

38.9

38.9

62.2

Health Sciences

11729

30.3

30.3

92.5

Theology and Philosophy

588

1.5

1.5

94.0

Business

2322

6.0

6.0

100.0

Total

38681

100.0

100.0

 

Education students composed the majority of the participants, and the least group was from the theology and philosophy.

Stage

 

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

1

15860

41.0

41.0

41.0

2

13571

35.1

35.1

76.1

3

7528

19.5

19.5

95.5

4

1722

4.5

4.5

100.0

Total

38681

100.0

100.0

 

Approximately 41.0% of the participants come from state 1, and the least category of people come from state 4.

DEGREE TYPE

 

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

Single degree

34620

89.5

89.5

89.5

Double degree

4061

10.5

10.5

100.0

Total

38681

100.0

100.0

 

The majority of the participants were taking a single degree (89.5%) with about 10.5% taking a double degree.

STUDY MODE

 

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

Full time

34770

89.9

89.9

89.9

Part time

3911

10.1

10.1

100.0

Total

38681

100.0

100.0

 

In this case, approximately 89.9% of the students studied full time with only 10.1% studying part time.

FEE STATUS

 

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

Domestic student

32238

83.3

83.3

83.3

International student

6443

16.7

16.7

100.0

Total

38681

100.0

100.0

 

83.3% of the participants were domestic students, and 16.7% were international students.

METRO

 

Frequency

Percent

Valid Percent

Cumulative Percent

Valid

Non-Metropolitan

27223

70.4

84.4

84.4

Metropolitan

5015

13.0

15.6

100.0

Total

32238

83.3

100.0

 

Missing

System

6443

16.7

 

 

Total

38681

100.0

 

 

About 70.4% of the participants were non-metropolitan students, and 15.6% were metropolitan.

Test if the mean for aggression, thrill seeking and risk acceptance scores differ for the following demographics and provide a brief interpretation of your findings:

Aggression
  1. Gender

H0: The gender is independent of aggression

H1: The gender is dependent of aggression

Chi-Square Tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

85.310a

1

.000

 

 

Continuity Correctionb

84.980

1

.000

 

 

Likelihood Ratio

82.376

1

.000

 

 

Fisher's Exact Test

 

 

 

.000

.000

Linear-by-Linear Association

85.308

1

.000

 

 

N of Valid Cases

38681

 

 

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1205.33.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

Reject the null hypothesis. This implies that there is sufficient evidence that the aggression is highly correlated with gender. Thus, different genders have a different level of aggressiveness.

  1. Metropolitan background status and aggression.

H0: The Metropolitan background status is independent of aggression

H1: The Metropolitan background status is dependent of aggression

Chi-Square Tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

3.694a

1

.055

 

 

Continuity Correctionb

3.600

1

.058

 

 

Likelihood Ratio

3.634

1

.057

 

 

Fisher's Exact Test

 

 

 

.055

.029

Linear-by-Linear Association

3.694

1

.055

 

 

N of Valid Cases

32238

 

 

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 553.80.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

Fail to reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence at the level .05, that the metropolitan background is not associated with aggression (Pituch et al., 2015). Thus, those that live in metropolis and those that do not live have the same aggression level.   

  1. Study mode

H0: The study mode status is independent of aggression

H1: The study mode is dependent of aggression

Chi-Square Tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

.218a

1

.640

 

 

Continuity Correctionb

.194

1

.659

 

 

Likelihood Ratio

.217

1

.641

 

 

Fisher's Exact Test

 

 

 

.636

.330

Linear-by-Linear Association

.218

1

.640

 

 

N of Valid Cases

38681

 

 

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 451.15.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

Fail to reject the null hypothesis (p > .05). This means that the aggressiveness is not related to the study mode.

Thrill seeking
  1. Gender

H0: The study mode status is independent of Thrill seeking

H1: The study mode is dependent of Thrill seeking

Chi-Square Tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

10.102a

7

.183

Likelihood Ratio

10.143

7

.181

Linear-by-Linear Association

4.333

1

.037

N of Valid Cases

38681

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 281.79.

The results indicate that there is significant evidence that the hypothesis should not be rejected. This implies that the study mode does not affect the thrill level.

Metropolitan background status

H0: The Metropolitan background status is independent of Thrill seeking

H1: The Metropolitan background status is dependent of Thrill seeking

Chi-Square Tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

8.880a

7

.261

Likelihood Ratio

8.871

7

.262

Linear-by-Linear Association

4.612

1

.032

N of Valid Cases

32238

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 362.93.

Results show that the researcher should fail to reject the null hypothesis (p > .05). Metropolitan status is not associated with thrill-seeking.

Study mode

H0: The study mode is independent of Thrill seeking

H1: The study mode is dependent of Thrill seeking

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

10.102a

7

.183

Likelihood Ratio

10.143

7

.181

Linear-by-Linear Association

4.333

1

.037

N of Valid Cases

38681

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 281.79.

Since the p> .05, fail to reject the null hypothesis (McHugh, 2013). This implies that there is no relationship between thrilling seeking. Therefore, the study mode does not show any difference in the thrilling seeking level.

RTA in past 12 months (from follow-up survey)

H0: The RTA in past 12 months is independent of Thrill seeking

H1: The RTA in past 12 months is dependent of Thrill seeking

Chi-Square Tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

8420.418a

7

.000

Likelihood Ratio

7988.591

7

.000

Linear-by-Linear Association

6490.362

1

.000

N of Valid Cases

38681

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 321.49.

Reject the null hypothesis (p < .05) (McHugh, 2013). This indicates that the RTA in the past 12 months is independent of Thrill seeking. Therefore, there is a significance difference in the thrilling level in those that have experienced road traffic accidents.

Risk acceptance scores
  1. Gender

H0: Risk acceptance scores is equal in male and female

H1: Risk acceptance scores is different in male and female

Independent Samples Test

 

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

F

Sig.

t

df

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean Difference

Std. Error Difference

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Lower

Upper

risk accep

Equal variances assumed

.986

.321

.893

38679

.372

.041

.046

-.050

.132

Equal variances not assumed

 

 

.891

18615.849

.373

.041

.047

-.050

.133

The t-test p-value > .05, which means that there is no significance difference in the average of risk acceptance in gender (Lowry, 2014). That is the male and female have the same average of the risk acceptance.

Metropolitan background status

H0: Risk acceptance scores averages are equal by metropolitan background status

H1: Risk acceptance scores averages are not equal by metropolitan background status

ANOVA

risk accept 

 

Sum of Squares

df

Mean Square

F

Sig.

Between Groups

6.594

1

6.594

.401

.527

Within Groups

530621.660

32236

16.461

 

 

Total

530628.255

32237

 

 

 

Fail to reject the null hypothesis. The findings indicate that the risk acceptance average for those that live in a metropolis and those that do not live in the metropolis is not different (p > .05) (Lowry, 2014).

  1. Study mode

H0: The study mode is independent of Risk acceptance scores

H1: The study mode is dependent on Risk acceptance scores

Independent Samples Test

 

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

F

Sig.

t

df

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean Difference

Std. Error Difference

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Lower

Upper

risk accep

Equal variances assumed

1.537

.215

.136

38679

.892

.009

.068

-.125

.143

Equal variances not assumed

 

 

.135

4816.191

.892

.009

.069

-.126

.144

The results indicate that the null hypothesis should not be rejected at the level .05 (p> .05). This means that the average score for those that study full mode and those that study part time have the same risk acceptance.

  1. RTA in past 12 months (from follow-up survey)

H0: The RTA in past 12 months is independent of Risk acceptance scores

H1: The RTA in past 12 months is dependent of Risk acceptance scores

Independent Samples Test

 

Levene's Test for Equality of Variances

t-test for Equality of Means

F

Sig.

t

df

Sig. (2-tailed)

Mean Difference

Std. Error Difference

95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Lower

Upper

risk accep

Equal variances assumed

1802.972

.000

-73.112

38679

.000

-4.423

.061

-4.542

-4.305

Equal variances not assumed

 

 

-99.990

7452.481

.000

-4.423

.044

-4.510

-4.337

P< .05, which means that there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis. This implies that average of risk acceptance is statistically different for those had and had not suffered RTA in the past 12 months.

Depression by gender

H0: Depression and gender are independent

H1: Depression and gender are dependent

Depression * Gender Crosstabulation

Count 

 

Gender

Total

Male

Female

Depression

Not depressed

9365

25355

34720

Depressed

1084

2877

3961

Total

10449

28232

38681

 

Chi-Square Tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

.280a

1

.597

 

 

Continuity Correctionb

.260

1

.610

 

 

Likelihood Ratio

.279

1

.597

 

 

Fisher's Exact Test

 

 

 

.598

.305

Linear-by-Linear Association

.280

1

.597

 

 

N of Valid Cases

38681

 

 

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1070.00.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

The p-value > .05, meaning that the null hypothesis should not be rejected. Thus, the findings suggest that there is no association between depression and gender.

Depression by Metropolitan background status

H0: Metropolitan background status and gender are independent

H0: Metropolitan background status and gender are independent

Chi-Square Tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

.114a

1

.736

 

 

Continuity Correctionb

.097

1

.755

 

 

Likelihood Ratio

.113

1

.737

 

 

Fisher's Exact Test

 

 

 

.743

.378

Linear-by-Linear Association

.114

1

.736

 

 

N of Valid Cases

32238

 

 

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 513.35.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

p> .05, which means that there is sufficient evidence that the depression is not significantly different in metropolis and non-metropolis residences.

Depression by Study mode

H0: Study mode and gender are independent

H0: Study mode and gender are independent

Depression * STUDY MODE Crosstabulation

Count 

 

STUDY MODE

Total

Full time

Part time

Depression

Not depressed

31241

3479

34720

Depressed

3529

432

3961

Total

34770

3911

38681

 

Chi-Square Tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

3.072a

1

.080

 

 

Continuity Correctionb

2.975

1

.085

 

 

Likelihood Ratio

3.011

1

.083

 

 

Fisher's Exact Test

 

 

 

.084

.042

Linear-by-Linear Association

3.072

1

.080

 

 

N of Valid Cases

38681

 

 

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 400.49.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

There is sufficient evidence to claim that the depression level is not significantly different in the study mode (p > .05). Therefore, we are 95% confident that the depression is not associated with the study mode.

Depression by Fee status

H0: Fee status and gender are independent

H0: Fee status and gender are independent

Depression * Fee status Crosstabulation

Count 

 

Fee status

Total

Domestic student

International student

Depression

Not depressed

28938

5782

34720

Depressed

3300

661

3961

Total

32238

6443

38681

 

Chi-Square Tests

 

Value

df

Asymptotic Significance (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (2-sided)

Exact Sig. (1-sided)

Pearson Chi-Square

.003a

1

.956

 

 

Continuity Correctionb

.001

1

.974

 

 

Likelihood Ratio

.003

1

.956

 

 

Fisher's Exact Test

 

 

 

.966

.487

Linear-by-Linear Association

.003

1

.956

 

 

N of Valid Cases

38681

 

 

 

 

a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 659.77.

b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

The results point that the fee status does not affect the depression level of a student. Therefore, the depression is not statistically different in the domestic and international students.

Variables in the Equation

 

B

S.E.

Wald

df

Sig.

Exp(B)

95% C.I.for EXP(B)

Lower

Upper

Step 1a

age_category

-.450

.028

251.912

1

.000

.637

.603

.674

GENDER

-.657

.056

137.861

1

.000

.519

.465

.579

LIVING_ARRANGE

.074

.032

5.211

1

.022

1.076

1.010

1.147

FEE_STATUS

.564

.070

65.635

1

.000

1.758

1.534

2.015

dist_driving

-.007

.051

.017

1

.896

.993

.899

1.097

thrill

1.507

.026

3430.476

1

.000

4.514

4.292

4.747

risk_accep

.599

.011

3209.433

1

.000

1.820

1.782

1.858

Constant

-13.976

.215

4209.322

1

.000

.000

 

 

a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: age_category, GENDER, LIVING_ARRANGE, FEE_STATUS, dist_driving, thrill, risk_accep.

The variable living arrangement is significant at the level .05, which implies that is a good predictor in the developed logistic model (Hosmer Jr, et al., 2013). The Odd ratios indicate that those that live at home are 1.076 times more likely to experience the road traffic accidents than those that reside at college.

Yes, the driver’s aggressiveness increases the road t

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My Assignment Help. (2022). Demographic Analysis And Descriptive Statistics. Retrieved from https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/pubh620-biostatistics/the-metropolitan-background-status.html.

"Demographic Analysis And Descriptive Statistics." My Assignment Help, 2022, https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/pubh620-biostatistics/the-metropolitan-background-status.html.

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[Accessed 19 March 2024].

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My Assignment Help. Demographic Analysis And Descriptive Statistics [Internet]. My Assignment Help. 2022 [cited 19 March 2024]. Available from: https://myassignmenthelp.com/free-samples/pubh620-biostatistics/the-metropolitan-background-status.html.

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