Critical Disability Theory (CDT): Overview, Social Model Of Disability, And Medical Model Of Disability

Discussion

Discuss about the Critical Disability Theory or CDT.

Critical disability theory or CDT is an important theoretical framework, widely use for study and the analysis of the disabilities (Robinson, 2017). “Max Horkheimer”- is a popular name who first outlined the “critical social theory” which is now commonly known as “critical disability theory”. Critical disability theory tends to shed light over the issues related with “disability”, though this theory not only considers the physical impairment or disability of an individual, but it also addresses psychological, neurological and/ or biomechanical affliction of a human being (Flynn, 2017). According to the contemporary epoch, critical disability theory has been considered as beneficial framework as it has the tendency to shed light over the societal condition of a disable people. With the advancement of time and livelihood, the ethnicity, social perception, level of acceptance of a person is also changing drastically; though, till now our society does not accept a disable person in a normal way (Garland-Thomson, 2017). Due to the social barrier, negligence, public humiliation, a disable person does not get enough opportunity to fulfil their basic human rights. Critical disability theory is outlined based on the social model of the disability. This model states that, “disability is just a simple and temporary physical and psychological impairment of a human being; but it does not indicate that the person has no capability to integrate in his community as a normal human being” (Australian Human Rights Commission).

Apart from the social perception towards the disability, this critical disability theory also includes social Jurisprudence or the legal policies for the disability. It also includes medical model for disability, which tends to consider “disability” as a kind of functional limitation of an individual.

This essay is important as it can provide a brief and elaborate idea about the disability and about the critical disability theory to the reader. This essay includes two case studies of Chelsie Hill and Sana, which shows that, disability does not have the potentiality to shatter one’s dream. So, in that context, it can be said that the society needs more awareness towards the disable person, so that they can utilise their basic rights like education, professional opportunities and so on without any discrimination or humiliation (Goodley, 2017).

 “Critical Disability theory” is originally derived from the “critical theory of society” outlined by Mark Horkheimer in the year of 1937. This theory sheds light over the disability or impairment as it is compare with the norms of the liberalism and values with the actualization in the regular livelihood of a disable human being (Hiranandani, 2015). This theory generally consists of several elements or models like the social model of the disability, medical model, multidimensionality, social and legal rights for disability, valuing diversity and transformative politics.

Social Model of Disability

According to the social model of disability, it can be stated that, disability is not an inevitable consequence of the impairment for an individual, but society constructs a complex interrelationship within the disability, individual perspective towards the disability and the societal environment (Hosking, 2008). This complex interrelationship and the negative perspective of society towards the disability are considered as the main barrier for an impaired person for leading a normal livelihood. Due to these obstacles, the person cannot get basic education, professional opportunities, safety and security from his community or from the society (Manago, Davis & Goar, 2017). Moreover, being a disabled person, he cannot get chance to take part in social or communal performance and even he is not considered as a normal human being in his own community. This fundamental social discrimination or dissuasion can be easily explained by considering the case study of Sana. Sana is a 12 years girl who lives in Yarraman  (https://www1.uwindsor.ca/criticalsocialwork). She was fond of singing and wanted to be a teacher. But one day she met with a serious accident which damaged her leg. Due to this accident, she had no option but using a wheelchair for movement. Due to her disability, she faced a lot of mortification, abuse and obstacles from the society. People used to discourage her, and no school in her society was ready to accept her as a student which as a result restricted her from getting basic education. So, in accordance to this case study, it can be concluded that, the Society has the necessity of developing proper awareness and responsiveness towards the disable person by which the society or community can accept or consider an impaired person in normal way (Naraian & Schlessinger, 2017). More formally it can be said that, according to the social disability model, every person whether she is disable or not,  has the fundamental right to get preliminary education, social safety and security for living a normal livelihood.

Social model of disability is a “universalist” conception which states that “disability” or “impairment” is a universally physical or psychological consequences and every person throughout this world is disable or impaired at some point of time in their livelihood (Oliver, 2017). So, “disability” cannot be a term or condition for discriminating a person from a diverse population. So, in the context of “social model of disability”, society or the diverse population of a community needs drastic transformation in their conception and outlook about the “disability” and for the “disable person”, so that a disable person in his extensive livelihood can be accepted as a normal human being or can lead a healthy and normal livelihood like others in his community (Player& Sperino, 2017).   

Medical Model of Disability

The “medical model of disability” sheds light over the fact the “disability” or “impairment” is a temporary physical or psychological consequence which can be improved by proper medical treatment and consultancy (Putnam, 2017).

Due to social conception about the disability, impaired person generally internalise negative message or generates negative perception that their disability or impairment can restrict them from taking active part in communal or social activities (Robinson, 2017). This negative attribution or conception and behavioural approach are considered as an important contributory factor that excludes a disable person from the mainstream society. But, according to the “medical model of disability”, proper and accurate biomedical treatment, rehabilitation, aid and psychological support can heal a person who is suffering from disabilities for a prolonged time (Schlegel, 2017). Moreover, this model also states that, for a disable person who faces continual societal and communal marginalisation in spite of getting proper biomedical intervention, the accurate and proper guiding principle is available which can transform the social environment.

This model also emphasises over the fact that the problem of impairment within a person or a human being is arise naturally of due to some deficit. This can also described as a “personal tragedy theory of the disability” (Shakespeare, 2017). It states that disability is a temporary physical and/ or psychological consequence which can be cured by proper biomedical intervention. But, this is only possible while society will ready to accept the disable person as a normal human being.

A case study of Chelsie Hill proves the fact that proper biomedical intervention and social support have the potentiality through which a disable person can lead a healthy livelihood in society (POPSUGAR Entertainment. 2016).

This is a story of a girl named Chelsie Hill. She always wanted to be a good dancer. From the age of 5, she developed a passion for the dance. But one day, she met with a car accident. This serious car accident damaged her spinal cord and her medical professional said that she lost the capability of movement. But she never felt depress and never let her aspiration shattered. After a few search, she finally came to know about the “wheel chair dancing” (POPSUGAR Entertainment. 2016). After that, she started working on this particular dance form and when she left hospital, instantaneously she got the admission in dancing class. This case study sheds light over the fact that, not only the proper biomedical treatment, but the social acceptance and encouragement from the surroundings can also act as a motivator for any disable person to lead a normal and healthy livelihood.                                  

“Medical model of disability” is the way which explains that how a diverse population of a society and a health and social care organisation within a community deal with a disable person (Webber et al. 2017). This model also says that what exactly a disable person needs from the health care professionals so that they can combat with their impairment with ease and efficacy and can try to get back into their normal livelihood. The basic difference between the “social models of disability” with the “medical model” is that, the medical model of disability always has the tendency to look over what is “wrong” with the person rather than to look at what the disable person need (Robinson, 2017)

Multidimensionality theory is an essential part of the critical disability theory. This theory states that, though society has negative conception for the disability and for the disabled persons, but in reality, they are the part of a diverse and a variable population within a society or social structure (Player & Sperino, 2017). Every country throughout this world has different ethnic group, class, but according to the “critical theory of disability” and “human rights act”, a disable person has the civil liberties and constitutional rights to take active part in every aspects of social and cultural program.

The fundamental value of the political and the legal liberalism can be defined as the principle of legal and the political equality. Sexual orientation, race, caste, gender, ethnicity are the different variety on which the liberalism has had to act in response. For a disable person, the approach to demand for the political and the legal equality is not accepted as a triumphant response strategy. Though, according to the “disability Discrimination Act, 1992” or DDA, discrimination against a person on the basis of his disability or sex, race, gender is illegitimate (Australian Human Rights Commission). In this contemporary era, every person should get a chance of living a standard livelihood. In spite of all incapability or impairment, a disable person has the right to get basic or preliminary education, employment opportunity, social safety and security, proper biomedical opportunity from the society by which they can live their life in normalcy. It can be helpful and advantageous for the society by which the multidimensionality or diversity can be maintained with ease and efficacy (Hiranandani, 2015). In this conceptual framework, “language” is considered as another important component as “the language” has the potentiality to provide influence on the concept of the disability and on the status of a disable people in society (Naraian & Schlessinger, 2017). The word “language” indicates to the words which are widely used for describing or labelling a disable person and/or the words which is used to portray the disability.

Language is assumed as a transparent and best possible way of communication. At the same time, it also assumes that “language” has the potentiality which can bring effective transformation in the traditional concept or social perspective towards the disability and disable person. Language can carry ideological implication with it, which is more or less accurate and transparent. It can give a diverse population throughout the world a proper platform from where they can get enough time and opportunity to think about the disability and disable person. So, in that context, it can be said that voice or language has the potentiality to carry “good fortune” for the disabled person by which they can lead their lives like a normal human beings and can utilise their basic rights with ease and efficacy (Manago, Davis & Goar, 2017).

Rights or jurisprudence is another indispensable legal tool by which a drastic transformation can be implemented in equality claims of the disadvantaged group in society (Player & Sperino, 2017). Proper and strict implication of legal act or legislation can provide enough encouragement to the disable people by which they can integrate themselves into every aspects of society. Moreover, proper legal provision can also advance the social perspectives towards the disabilities by which diverse population can value and welcome the disable persons to their community (Meekosha & Shuttleworth, 2016).

Due to the negative perspective of society towards the disables, traditionally, the voice of an impaired person has been suppressed and marginalised by the society.

If our society adopts a conception that the disability is a permanent physical and psychological inability or lack, despised, then the normal voice of a disable person can be construed as a symptom of person’s unhealthy or healthy relation to the disability. So, in accordance to this social perspective and in accordance to the basic human rights, it can be said that, every person should get enough opportunity by which he can demand his requirements or necessity from the society (Robinson, 2017). Therefore, the disable person of the society has the necessity to get a proper platform from where they can tell their story to the whole world. It will give them a voice as well as world will get opportunity to think once about them and about their livelihood. Being a normal human being, we cannot understand the actual problem or obstacles that a disable person experiences in every step of his prolonged livelihood until we self experience that situation (Meekosha & Shuttleworth, 2016). So, proper voice or platform from the side of a disable person can provide us opportunity from where the diverse population can change their perspective for disability and can welcome them in their community as a normal human being. More formally, it can be said that, it is our responsibility to focus on their abilities rather than to look at their incapability. In spite of all incapability, a disable person only needs some proper opportunity by which they can explore their own abilities and interest and can get a chance to lead a normal livelihood in society (Shakespeare, 2017).

Traditionally, there is a little or restricted room for the voice of impaired person who are the contested of the mainstream perception of the disability. Critical disability theory has the potentiality to provide a privilege of voice to the disabled people worldwide and offer them enough courage and motivation so that they can raise their voice to challenge the pessimistic attitudes and perception of the society which is developed only for the disabled or disadvantaged group of the society (Webber et al. 2017). This challenging attitude of the disabled group can be reinforced by proper use of language which has the potentiality to describe the condition of a disable person  and to describe their disability in society.

Conclusion

Max Horkheimer is accepted as a pioneer of the term “critical theory of the disability” in the essay “traditional and critical theory” (Goodley, 2017). Since then, this theory is widely accepted around the world from where, one can get clear view about the term “disability” and “disable person”. This critical disability theory is generally composed of various elements, but among them the social model of disability and medical model of disability has been considered as one of the important and prerequisite models. According to this theory, the reader can generate an idea that, disability is a temporary impairment of a person or sometime it can cause due to individual deficit; but that does not mean that the person has no right to get essential requests for living. With the enhancement of the regular lifestyle, modern world also adopts new and modified social conception, but till now the society is not ready to accept a disable person in a normal way. From this point of view, critical disability theory has been generated. It mainly tends to consider the disable person or the disadvantaged group of the society who does not get minimum opportunity to lead their life (Naraian & Schlessinger, 2017). The social model of the disability, which is considered as one of the important conceptual framework in critical disability theory, states that “disability is not a foreseeable consequence of the impairment, rather than society construct a complex correlation between the impairment, individual’s perspective towards the impairment and the societal environment”. According to this concept, the social and communal disadvantages and the obstacles which is being experienced by a disable person in his prolonged livelihood is mainly caused due to the negative perspective of the society and due to this complex interrelationship. This social negativity can act as a barrier for the disabled person and at the same time due to the disability, he may not be accepted as a “normalcy” in his own community.

According to the medical model of disability, in spite of all kind of physical and psychological impairments, a person has the right to get fundamental biomedical intervention in accordance to his specific needs.  It is assumed that, a disable person always needs proper and strong psychological supports from the surrounding by which he can cope with his disability at faster rate. Though, it is also true that, apart from the social support, a disable person also needs proper and accurate biomedical treatment and intervention by which he can develop enough immunity within him to combat with the disability (Robinson,  2017).

critical disability theory also includes political and legal conception which can bring effective transformation in society and social conception of disability so that a disabled person can get equal opportunity to participate in every aspects of society as well as he can integrated himself in his community (Player & Sperino, 2017). Or more formally, it can be said that, critical disability theory can be an effective tool by which a disable person can get back to the mainstream of the society (Manago, Davis & Goar, 2017).

Critical disability theory offers an effective conceptual and theoretical framework by which one can easily understand the correlation between the impairment, the disability and the society. This theory can be the best possible way to inject or insert “disability” interests into every policy areas.

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