Exploring Data Visualization Techniques For Crime Statistics In NSW, An Essay.

ou are also required to write a report on the following aspects: 

?Brief technical details of the used visualisation method(s), 

?Discussion on the advantage and disadvantage of the visualisation method(s) in comparison with other methods in literature. Can the visualisation method(s) be used effectively for large data multidimensional data sets and why? Which other analysis techniques could be helpful to support the visualisation in big data analysis? Such as in the data processing, automated analysis, etc. 

?Discussion on the analysis results and findings on the data sets, 

?Discussion on other aspects, literature review of related work and your critical thinking on the visualisation(s). 

Data in its raw form is often incomprehensible, for instance, it is impossible to identify a trend among a number of variables in a given data-set from mere observation of the data. Equally, for anyone to be able to draw any meaningful inferences from data, more advanced measures have to be taken considerably, such measures mostly involve: data analysis, data visualization, etcetera. Bista (2018) differentiates data visualization and data analytics as: data visualization being “a way of representing data in visual form” whereas data analytics is “examining data so as to gain useful insights to draw conclusions about the data-set.” therefore data visualization are completely different, used occasionally together or independently depending on the context. In this paper, we will explore the concept of visualization and examine different visualization techniques using “Tableau” software and a relational data-set on domestic violence collected by NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research, so as to establish the best data visualization technique. 

The roles of visualization include:

1. Enabling intelligibility of composite information
2. Enabling easy interpretation and comprehension of often complex data
3. Creating interactive visual portrayal of data so as to enable assumptions and cognability to problem solving, i.e.in business problem solving
4. Providing insights on a set of data to both of those well versed in the field or those not versed   

In our paper, we will additionally compare between our choice methods of data visualization to determine which offers the most comprehensive insights given similar requirements.

Despite visualization having a number of definitions, one of the most common definitions is that of Shneiderman et al. ( 1998), in their paper they state that “visualization is the use of computer-supported, interactive, visual representations of data to amplify cognition.” Arguably, visualization is a robust tool easily used for according to Haber et al. (2011), to enable “different cognitive processes like exploratory, analytical and descriptive”

There are six steps (features) through which a quality visualization can be designed (Chittaro, 2006), which include:

1. Mapping- transforming data into visual form following supposition of visual features
2. Selection- choice of data from available options depending on task, interestingly selection forms the most crucial task since wrong data selection may lead to wrong inferences which ultimately translate to wrong business decisions

• Presentation- it generally involves management and organization of the output from the previous processes to enable easy cognition by users

1. Interactivity- interactivity provides the means through which to enable manipulation of the visualization by the user so as to easily understand the data in their own way
2. Access and usability- visual perception of knowledge and the ability to understand such knowledge form the basis for human computer interaction (Ware, 2004)
3. Evaluation- the last step after developing a visualization interface is evaluation which enables examination of the effectiveness of the method

The data for our study was collected by new south wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. It contains records of crime statistics on a range of crimes committed between the year 2013 and 2017. The offenses are categorized into: Homicide, Domestic violence related assault, Sexual offenses, Abduction and kidnapping, Intimidation, stalking and harassment, Malicious damage to property, Breach Apprehended Violence Order. Further, the crime records are sub-divided to contain data about: summary of offenses, the time of the crime, month, premises type, alcohol related, location, victims, indigenous status, POI relationship to victim.

In this paper, we use Tableau data visualization tool to explore different visualization techniques. According to an article by Tableau (2015), tableau is “a business intelligence tool that enables creation of beautiful and visually-appealing reports, charts, graphs and dashboards.” Forbes (2017) describe Tableau as the “…grand master of data visualization software…” Due to its capability and range of productivity. As such, with the wide range of Tableau tools we will be able to explore a number of visualization techniques and answer the questions of our paper.

Data Collection

Visualization is divided into data and information visualization. In this paper we will explore both data and information visualization for successful decision-making will use a number of visualization techniques to explore the distribution of crimes in New South Wales different areas.

There are a number of data visualization techniques available in business intelligence, in this study we will explore methods such as: tables, bar graphs, histogram, scatter plot, area chart, pie chart, Gantt graph etcetera.

Fink (2008) describes a table as “ the arrangement of data in rows and in columns…” therefore a table is important in visualizing basic data. Generally they showcase individual statistics of interest variables. 

• Strengths of tables

Therefore, we realize that tables are great for outlining the general statistics of the interest data, including the specific and general statistics.

• Failures of tables

Despite their display of specific statistics about various data, tables are not useful in aiding to identify the relationship among the data variables. For instance, they do not show the regression and can not be used for comprehensive data inferences.

The above table outlines the statistics on the alleged offenders age data in relation to the crimes they are alleged to commit. The second figure shows the rank of crimes in different Wales

Alternatively referred to as column graph, the bar chart (bar graph) is among the most common means of data visualization. It is generally used to illustrate individual data series. They are categorized into:

1. Single bar charts
2. Multiple bar charts 

From the bar graphs,we can give the annotation that the highest number of crime related to indecent assault and other sexual offenses are recorded for the age group of between 30 and 39. Additionally we note that the same age group has the highest number of cases related to malicious damage to property.

• Advantages of bar graphs

Bar graphs are important in representing data series and in showing the distribution of the data variable in relation to their input values. In addition they help in building on the statistics of the tables.

• Disadvantages

They do not identify any relationship among the variables and therefore can not be reliable when investigating the how the variables are related to each other.

They are characterized by three numeric parameters (Khan and Khan, 2012) signifying data points. Adobe (2002) note that “one value determines its position along x-axis, one along y-axis, and third value represent the size of the bubble in

the chart.” 

Generally, the bubble chart is an improved version of a scatter plot and therefore showcases the distribution of data in relation to each other. It identifies individual distributions of the data variables.

Tableau Software

However it only visualizes the general distribution using size of the circles and thus not suitable for complex visualization.

First developed by Cormac Kinney in the 90s, a heat map is used in visual representations of data, generally showing correlation among the data.

 An article by Aura (2017) on the disadvantages of heat maps argue that heat maps “are not sensitive enough to detect differences between designs, and are particularly poor at predicting the visibility levels.” there are not exactly insightful. In our study,

Information visualization is a new development of visualization chiefly aimed at aiding the process of data exploration, evaluation, and analysis (Khan and Khan, 2012). Keim et al. (2006), on the importance its importance is that it “enforces human visual cognition, to enable the user get knowledge about the internal structure of the data, causal relationship, and dependencies in it…”

Polygons are correlative to line graphs and are therefore used to display continuous data enhancing visual interpretations of the data.

From our data most of the domestic violence offenses were recorded on Sunday, a total of 5180 cases. Polygons are used to show the relationship between different variables therefore useful in exploring multiple data variables in relation to each other. The least offenses recorded involved murder, being murder accessory. Additionally from the polygon we note that the second most recorded offenses is intimidation and malicious damage to property. 

Graphs

Mostly used for scheduling, it is mainly used to show the process of event start and end.

80% of the recorded offenses totaled to than 10 thousand for offenders below the age of 49. Gantt are therefore useful for data involving time series. There were no crimes recorded in 2013 across all the regions according to the above graph

Conclusion

Following our analysis, we infer that most of the offenses involving cases such as stalking, property damage were committed by persons under the age of 30. However, most capital offenses were committed by older persons. Moreover we noted that most offenses were recorded on weekends. More importantly, is the trend of number of crime records increasing with the increase of age. Conclusively, on the various methods of data visualization, following our trial of seven methods to explore insights on the data, we can divide the methods into:

• Variable explorers
• Relationship explorer

In this respect, the choice of a visualization method is dependant on the needs of the business problem or data analyst. For instance if one wishes to specifically explore the distribution the data they may opt to adopt a bubble graph or scatter plot, or, if they wish to explore the relationship between variables, they may opt for a heat map or polygon. The bottom-line of the choice of a method for data visualization is the specific requirement that suits the decision makers. Ideally the various visualization methods can be used for providing insight on large data-sets, some such as tables for use on providing specific statistics and others such as polygons to provide general inferences. Therefore multidimensional data is best explored with suitable tools as demonstrated in our study.

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