Cultural Identity And Intermarriages Among Japanese-Canadians

History and demographics of Japanese-Canadians in Canada

Discuss about the Defining Contemporary Identities in Canada for Population Growth.

Current reports have indicated that about 50% of the population growth in Canada has been dominated by immigrants for the past less than two decades (Frideres, 2002). Before the 1970s, the majority of the Canadian immigrants came from English speaking nations. They, therefore, adopted English as their natural language despite the different ethnic backgrounds and languages. According to Frideres S. (2002), only the minority of the population in Canada speaks French (about 5%). The effects of the ethnic diversity are mostly felt by the people in major urban cities like Vancouver, Ontario, Montreal, and Toronto. The ultimate result has been a change in cultural beliefs of Canada and different perceptions regarding a given community in the country. However, as argued by the former Minister for Immigration, Elinor Caplan, the immigrants have contributed to the development of the country’s economy by providing vital human capital. This essay discusses how the film, One Big Hapa Family, has contributed to the understanding of the identity of Japanese-Canadian culture and history.

Lee and Boyd, (2008) write that there have been increased cases of marriages between the Japanese immigrants and Canadians that has led to major cultural integration between the two disparate communities. The producer of the movie, One Big Hapa Family, attempts to investigate the reasons behind the high increase in the intermarriages between the Japanese living in Canada (popularly known as Nikkei) and other Canadian cultures. He reports that the rate of such intermarriages is as high as 95%. Jeff Chiba Stearns is Japanese-Canadian who was inspired to make this documentary after a reunion with his family. In the event, he realized that most of his relatives had intermarried with other ethnic societies. The film addresses the 100% rate of interracial marriage and its effect on the next generation’s perception of multiracial identities (McWilliams, 2009). Finally, the documentary makes the audiences question whether mixing can bring an end to multiculturalism. The film, however, addresses the issue of racism demonstrated by the natives to the Japanese from generation to generation.

The first Japanese immigrants were known as Issei. They are reported to have married only in their community. The next generation called the Nisei (second generation) had their roots in Canada. They majorly faced a lot of discrimination and prejudice. Despite being born in the country, the Nisei were oppressed by the native people and even locked up in internment camps. All the Asians were denied the rights to vote. Laws were passed that excluded them to good professions such as the practice of law, Civil Service, and underground mining. They gave birth to the sensei; who were freed from the camps after the World War II  (Kozen, 2012). This generation had a little knowledge of the Japanese language and was desperate to be associated with the other Canadian groups (Miki 2004). They, therefore, intermarried with the other groups to give birth the fourth generation of Japanese-Canadians called the Yonsei. The filmmaker, Chiba, belongs to this group which was desperate to find their identity and cultural heritage.

The impact of intermarriages among Japanese-Canadians

A mixed union referes to the a couple where one of the spouses or partner is from a visible minority group.Its based on the concept of the difference of the visible monirity status of the two persons in a conjugal relationship.The documentary helps in identifying the history and culture of the Japanese-Canadians and their reasons for their high intermarriage rates in the country. Culture changes over time as mentioned by Anthes, (2009), the Issei practiced Japanese skills such as martial arts. Origami, ikebana, and Odori these were skills instilled in them in the Meiji and Taisho eras while they are young. It's important to note that the Nisei learned the Japanese language and culture in schools although the language has changed from the modern culture.The Japanese culture who are now in the fifth generation called Gosei has developed different practices regarding hybrid forms of culture and art (Troper, n.d.).These changes due to the economic circumstances, education, and experiences with the Canadian.Well known Canadian Japanese include athletes, politicians, poets, and novelists.

Byram M.(2009) says that the Japanese intermariages were high because of the destruction of their social infrastructure during the 1940s.People meet in social places such as churches, educational institutions and even social events organized by the community.Since these were destroyed and suddenly there was a rise in intermarriages.Another point that’s been said about marriages is that the Nikkei are preferred by most men in Canada as compared to other races.They are said not to be really fussy about the rac of their potention partners.

The cross-cultural marriages result in multicultural societies which have been dominant in the country. According to the 2010 report from the Canadian Census Statistics, the number of interracial couples is on a constant rise with about a third more than the previous census. Out of the 29700 couples, about three quarters (74.6%) have one partner with a Japanese origin. (Peters, 2013) This number makes this culture the highest in terms of intermarriages in Canada, followed by Latin Americans (47%). The high number of Japanese-Canadians has led to significant implications for the educational system.

Majority of these people feel the urge to associate themselves with the Japanese culture as a result of the fear that the Canadians might fully assimilate their culture. There have been high enrolments in the Japanese classes by students from this ethnic group. The perception is that learning their native language might be the first step in restoring their cultural heritage. According to Lee and Boyd, (2008), the number of students attending Japanese classes in the Canadian universities is significantly higher than those doing French, Chinese or German. The resulting challenge is whether teaching Japanese as a second language might affect the popularity of the country’s first language. Many scholars emphasize the importance of maintaining the immigrants first language. It enhances family relationships. However, the negative impact of this theory affects those who cannot retain their native language. They can be deemed as outcasts with no ethnic affiliation. They would, therefore, lack a sense of belonging.

Challenges in maintaining cultural identity

Secondly, the intermarriages have a significant impact on redefining people’s perspective on culture. In post culturalism and postmodernism eras, different scholars argue that an inflexible cultural perception does not accurately depict the relationship between ethnicity and language. Conversely, others have a non-essentialised perception of this association. Byram, M. (2009) claims that cultural differences do not necessarily imply a cultural division, but it could also provide insights on the appreciations of the different cultures and help in bridging the gap. This perspective is important because it discourages comparison with the native Japanese speakers. Therefore, intermarriages disregard the notion that ethnicity is culture. Most people refer to themselves as half-Japanese to distinguish them from those who can speak the language. Similarly, those who are proficient in the language have embraced Japanese as their culture. Therefore, as much as others think that speaking the language is a sign of their cultural heritage, others think that being proficient in a foreign language will wipe out their roots.

The third impact of the cross-cultural intermarriages is the language spoken in these homes. Lee and Boyd, (2008) claim that Japanese is not the dominant language are such homes. Most of these families speak a mixture of English and Japanese depending on the situation. This is a significant factor that contributes to multiculturalism in Canada. Different families report different communication styles based on what their parents emphasize and their ethnic backgrounds. However, the different communication styles are not major sources of stereotypes in the country. Even though the parents do not nurture a cross-cultural environment at their residents, the intercultural speaking provides a good sign in supporting and appreciating the different cultures and languages. The effect is bridging the gap between the two different cultures. This brings unity to the nation and therefore helps in building the country’s economy.

In conclusion, the rising number of immigrants in Canada have a lot of important impacts on the culture of the country. One of the most significant issues is the intermarriages between the Japanese- Canadians and other ethnic groups. It has led to major implications especially in the educational sectors and family settings. Over time the more the intermariages over the pase decades the more there is change in the Japanese cultures and language.It has also changed the perception that language or ethnicity defines the culture of the people.

References

Anthes, B. (2009). Contemporary Native artists and international biennial culture. Malden, MA: Wiley Periodicals.

Byram, M. (2009). Intercultural competence in foreign languages: The intercultural speaker and the pedagogy of foreign language education. The SAGE handbook of intercultural competence, 321-332.

Battell Lowman, E., & J Barker, A. (2015). Settler: Identity and Colonialism in 21st Century Canada. Canada: Fernwood Publishing.

Frideres, J. S. (2002). Immigrants, integration and the intersection of identities. Commissioned by Canadian Heritage. Retrieved from Canada. Metropolis. net/events/diversity/immigration. pdf.

Lee, S. M., & Boyd, M. (2008). Marrying out: Comparing the marital and social integration of Asians in the US and Canada. Social Science Research, 37(1), 311-329.

 Kozen, C. (2012). Redress as American-style justice: Congressional narratives of Japanese American redress at the end of the Cold War. Time & Society, 21(1), 104-120. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x11431339

McWilliams, E. (2009). Margaret Atwood and the female bildungsroman. Farnham, England: Ashgate.

Peters, E. (2013). Indigenous in the city. Vancouver: Univ. of British Columbia Press.

1. Miki, (2004) Redress: Inside the Japanese Canadian Call for Justice. 

Troper, H. The Defining Decade: Identity, Politics, and the Canadian Jewish Community in the 1960's. Toronto Buffalo London: University of Toronto Press.