Understanding Sepsis: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, And Treatment Essay.

1. Report on the incidence and cause of Sepsis in Australia. Include the most recent statistics.

2. Critique in detail 1 type of treatment for a patient with sepsis. You will need to CRITIQUE the literature, including benefits and limitations to the treatment. You must include literature from Journal articles.

3.Identify one resource that is available for either patients or health care professionals to support either with a sepsis diagnoses. Include in your report what the service provides and how it impacts on the patient/health care provider.

Sepsis and Septic Shock: Overview

Sepsis is an infection of the bloodstream, and it spread very quickly in the body of the patient, and it is tough to recognize it. Septic shock is described as a severe circulatory disorder which results from progressive failure of circulation to supply blood and oxygen to vital organs of the body which can lead to damaged tissue perfusion and oxygen extraction (Dellinger et al., 2013). The leading cause of septic shock is contamination o blood which has bacteria. It is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity in the healthcare sector today. Sepsis can lead to dysfunction of acute organs which if not treated results in multiple organ failure which leads to the death of the patient. Sepsis occurs when the body of the patients is working extra hard to fight infections, and it is also known as septicemia (Singer et al., 2016). The massive amount of chemicals which are released into the bloodstream during this process triggers widespread inflammation which can lead to organ damage. When a patient is suffering from sepsis, blood clotting minimizes the amount of blood flowing to limbs and other internal organs and thus depriving them of oxygen and nutrients which can lead to organ failure.in severe cases, sepsis can lead to life-threatening conditions such as blood pressure which healthcare professionals calls it a septic shock (Angus & Van der Poll, 2013). Studies which have been conducted recently indicates that septic shock does not show similar symptoms in affected people and thus it is challenging to detect the infection and consequently treat it.

Sepsis which is defined as organ dysfunction due to an infection is termed as one of the significant causes of morbidity and mortality in Australia. The annual incidences of individuals who are admitted in healthcare institution and treated in ICU of sepsis in Australia are estimated to 0.77/1000 which corresponds to 15700 new cases which are reported each year (Kaukonen, Bailey, Suzuki, Pilcher & Bellomo, 2014). This number does not include sepsis patients who are not treated in ICU. International estimates from USA and Europe indicates that the total number of people who are infected with sepsis is three or four times higher. In Australia, approximately 5000 people die each year because of this disorder. This number is higher compared to some deaths caused by infections like breast and prostate cancer. The number of incidences of sepsis has been raising for the last 20 years. The overall impacts of sepsis in the Australian hospitals and healthcare institutions are 1.1% with a mortality rate of 18.4%. 23.8% of patients infected by sepsis and admitted in Australian hospitals receive their treatment in ICU, and the hospital mortality rate is 28.9%. Severe sepsis which is characterized by body organs not working adequately occurred in 39% of sepsis patients and is accompanied by 31.1% hospital mortality rates (Fleischmann et al., 2016). 50% of patients who are severing from severe sepsis in healthcare institutions and hospitals in Australia can acquire treatment and some medical care in the ICU. The healthcare sector of Australia can reveal that the epidemiological feature of sepsis which is received in the country can be compared to what is experienced in Europe and North America. Therefore the knowledge which is gained from the incidences of sepsis in Australia can be applied globally.

Incidence of Sepsis in Australia

Sepsis occurs when body response to fight infections back becomes harmful and thus causing the immune system to release chemicals which are used to fight the infections. This chemical can cause general inflammation in the body making the blood vessels to leak and causing blood clots which can lead to general failure of body parts (Schlapbach et al., 2015). The various infection has been associated with the cause of sepsis. If sepsis progresses to septic shock, the blood pressure drops dramatically, and if a patient does not seek medical attention early in advance, it can lead to death. Every person can develop sepsis disorder, but older adults are more susceptible to the infection because as own ages their immune system becomes weak, and thus they are not in a position to fight infections back. People who have comprised immune systems are also at very high risk of getting infected by sepsis as their bodies cannot fight back infections. Sepsis is also caused by drug-resistant bacteria which are capable of resisting antibiotics that were once used to kill them. These resistant bacteria are termed to be the cause of infection which are capable of triggering sepsis (Khatami et al., 2014). People living with infection and disease like HIV and cancer can also be easily affected by sepsis because they have weak immune systems.  Cancer treatments and transplant drugs can also be termed as causes of sepsis as they weaken the immune system of an individual.

Healthcare professional re required to test the patient to ensure that they are suffering from sepsis before they proceed with the therapy and medication o the infection.  However, diagnosing sepsis is very challenging and demanding as other diseases can also cause its signs and symptoms (Jiang et al., 2013). Healthcare professionals are therefore required to carry some tests to be able to pinpoint the infection a patient is suffering from. A blood test is described as a convenient test in which healthcare professionals can use to diagnose sepsis (Ferrer et al., 2014). In this test, blood samples are drawn from the body of the patient to be tested for clotting problems, evidence of infection and impaired oxygen availability. Depending on the signs and symptoms which a patient have healthcare professionals can also use other body fluids for testing. If a doctor or a healthcare professionals suspect that the patient has urinary tract infection, they may use a urine test to be able to detect any signs of bacteria which may be the cause of sepsis. In case the patient has wounds which appear infected, healthcare professionals can use a sample of the wound secretions for testing which can help them to know the kind of antibiotic can work the best and show positive results to the health of the patient (Conde et al., 2013). Health care professionals can also use respiratory secretions in case the patient is coughing to determine the kind of germs is causing the infection. In cases where the symptoms of the disease are not visible or familiar, healthcare professionals use imaging tests such as X-rays which use low-level radiations to visualize problems in the patient’s lungs. In case the infection is in the appendix and pancreas, healthcare professionals can use computerized tomography. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging can also be used to test and diagnose sepsis infection.

Cause and Risk Factors of Sepsis

There are various treatments which healthcare professional use to treat sepsis disorder which includes antibiotics, vasopressors, surgery, and supportive care. Among all these treatment techniques use of antibiotics is termed as the best method because of the various health benefits associated with it. Treatment with antibiotics starts should start immediately or within the first six hours after a patient is diagnosed with sepsis. Initially, a patient is given broad-spectrum antibiotics which are termed to be very effective against a variety of bacteria (Conde et al., 2013). Healthcare professionals administer the antibiotics intravenously. After receiving the results of the blood test, healthcare professionals or nurses can shift to a different kind of antibiotics which are more appropriate in dealing with a specific bacteria causing the infection. The appropriate antibiotics which are used to treat sepsis consist of a combination of two or more antibiotics given at the same time (Ferrer et al., 2014). Most commonly used antibiotics to treat sepsis includes meropenem, cefotaxime, cefepime, and ceftriaxone. Despite the few side effects which are associated with the use of antibiotics, antibiotics are known to have a lot of health benefits. Antibiotics are beneficial to fight against infections which are caused by micro-organisms such as bacteria. Antibiotics can cure a lot of infections such as sepsis which is caused by bacteria and thus saving lives. Antibiotics do not harm other body parts al alter the normal functioning of internal organs. This makes it very possible to treat infections which are fatal before the development of the antibiotic. They can be used broadly across all the ages because they have low incidences of gastrointestinal side effects. However, if antibiotics are misused, they can have side effects such as diarrhea (Dartora et al., 2013). They can also kill healthy bacteria in the body of the patient and leading to complications such as yeast infections. Some individuals are allergic to antibiotics, and thus it is not possible to use this treatment technique to treat them in case they are suffering from sepsis.

Emerging technologies have been used for molecular diagnosis with of sepsis because the rapid and accurate spread of infection-causing bacteria is still a significant challenge in our modern healthcare system (Jacob et al., 2013). Despite enhancement in molecular diagnosis of sepsis, use of blood culture analysis is still an important technique which can be used to diagnose sepsis. However, this technique is very cumbersome, and it is not always convenient. Emerging technologies in healthcare sector integrate all these techniques in a platform which enhances clinical workflow in hospitals and thus making it easy or healthcare professionals to be able to operate efficiently in an environment which is free from medication errors (Lewington, Cerdá & Mehta, 2013). Emerging technologies also ensure use of electronic medical records in which patient’s data and information is kept safe.

Diagnosis of Sepsis

Conclusion:

Sepsis is one of the highest causes of hospitalizations and death throughout the world. The incidence of sepsis is rapidly increasing, and the mortality rate remains high. In conclusion drawing, non-contaminated blood cultures during the nurse-initiated sepsis protocol are significant to accurately treating bloodstream infections. Studies have shown that blood culture contamination is ineffective and costly, not only the hospital but to the patient. It also deems unnecessary treatment and may increase resistance to antibiotics. Healthcare institution should ensure they use emerging technologies in the health sector to ensure that they have appropriate results and that patients data and information is kept in safe places throughout.

References:

Angus, D. C., & Van der Poll, T. (2013). Severe sepsis and septic shock. New England Journal of Medicine, 369(9), 840-851.

Conde, K. A. P., Silva, E., Silva, C. O., Ferreira, E., Freitas, F. G. R., Castro, I., ... & Azevedo, L. C. P. (2013). Differences in sepsis treatment and outcomes between public and private hospitals in Brazil: a multicenter observational study. PloS one, 8(6), e64790.

Dartora, N., de Souza, L. M., Paiva, S. M., Scoparo, C. T., Iacomini, M., Gorin, P. A., ... & Sassaki, G. L. (2013). Rhamnogalacturonan from Ilex paraguariensis: A potential adjuvant in sepsis treatment. Carbohydrate polymers, 92(2), 1776-1782.

Dellinger, R. P., Levy, M. M., Rhodes, A., Annane, D., Gerlach, H., Opal, S. M., ... & Osborn, T. M. (2013). Surviving Sepsis Campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012. Intensive care medicine, 39(2), 165-228.

Ferrer, R., Martin-Loeches, I., Phillips, G., Osborn, T. M., Townsend, S., Dellinger, R. P., ... & Levy, M. M. (2014). Empiric antibiotic treatment reduces mortality in severe sepsis and septic shock from the first hour: results from a guideline-based performance improvement program. Critical care medicine, 42(8), 1749-1755.

Fleischmann, C., Scherag, A., Adhikari, N. K., Hartog, C. S., Tsaganos, T., Schlattmann, P., ... & Reinhart, K. (2016). Assessment of global incidence and mortality of hospital-treated sepsis. Current estimates and limitations. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 193(3), 259-272.

Jacob, S. T., Lim, M., Banura, P., Bhagwanjee, S., Bion, J., Cheng, A. C., ... & Moore, C. C. (2013). Integrating sepsis management recommendations into clinical care guidelines for district hospitals in resource-limited settings: the necessity to augment new guidelines with future research. BMC medicine, 11(1), 107.

Jiang, M., Zhou, M., Han, Y., Xing, L., Zhao, H., Dong, L., ... & Luo, G. (2013). Identification of NF-κB Inhibitors in Xuebijing injection for sepsis treatment based on bioactivity-integrated UPLC-Q/TOF. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 147(2), 426-433.

Kaukonen, K. M., Bailey, M., Suzuki, S., Pilcher, D., & Bellomo, R. (2014). Mortality related to severe sepsis and septic shock among critically ill patients in Australia and New Zealand, 2000-2012. Jama, 311(13), 1308-1316.

Khatami, A., McMullan, B. J., Webber, M., Stewart, P., Francis, S., Timmers, K. J., ... & Cumming, G. (2014). Sepsis-like disease in infants due to human parechovirus type 3 during an outbreak in Australia. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 60(2), 228-236.

Lewington, A. J., Cerdá, J., & Mehta, R. L. (2013). Raising awareness of acute kidney injury: a global perspective of a silent killer. Kidney international, 84(3), 457-467.

Schlapbach, L. J., Straney, L., Alexander, J., MacLaren, G., Festa, M., Schibler, A., ... & ANZICS Paediatric Study Group. (2015). Mortality related to invasive infections, sepsis, and septic shock in critically ill children in Australia and New Zealand, 2002–13: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 15(1), 46-54.

Singer, M., Deutschman, C. S., Seymour, C. W., Shankar-Hari, M., Annane, D., Bauer, M., ... & Hotchkiss, R. S. (2016). The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). Jama, 315(8), 801-810.