The objective of this assignment is to enable you to develop knowledge and skills in the following areas of competency: create an SPSS Statistics data file complete with variable definitions; input data from the sample dataset into the SPSS Statistics data file created under
Prepare the SPSS Statistics data file for descriptive and exploratory data analysis; and under take a reliability analysis to determine the internal consistency of the scale items.
Inferential Statistics and Hypotheses
In the present assignment we use inferential statistics to evaluate the intention to leave of the nurses. For the inferential statistics we use t-test, ANOVA and regression analysis.
Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in work commitment of nurses across Gender
Alternate Hypothesis: There are differences in work commitment of nurses across Gender
Decision Rule: The decision rule at the alpha level of 0.05 level of significance that is beyond 95 % confidence interval is to accept the null hypothesis if p value < 0.05 or equal to 0.05. However, if the test statistic value falls within the 95 % confidence interval then null hypothesis should be rejected and alternate hypothesis should be accepted. It will be interpreted that there exists enough statistical evidence regarding the fact that work related stress has statistically significant impact upon the intention to leave off the nurses (Black, 2016).
t-test: To test the hypothesis independent sample t-test is used.
Table 1: Independent Samples Test
Commitment |
||||
Equal variances assumed |
Equal variances not assumed |
|||
Levene's Test for Equality of Variances |
F |
1.462 |
||
Sig. |
.228 |
|||
t-test for Equality of Means |
T |
.808 |
.755 |
|
Df |
184 |
69.016 |
||
Sig. (2-tailed) |
.420 |
.453 |
||
Mean Difference |
2.282 |
2.282 |
||
Std. Error Difference |
2.824 |
3.023 |
||
95% Confidence Interval of the Difference |
Lower |
-3.289 |
-3.748 |
|
Upper |
7.854 |
8.313 |
Interpretation: From table 1 it is found that t(184) = 0.808, p-value = 0.420. Since p-value (0.420) is more than the significance level (0.05) hence we do not reject the Null Hypothesis.
Discussion: Thus it can be inferred that there is no significant difference in intention to leave between male and female nurses.
Null Hypothesis: There is no difference in work commitment of nurses across Ethnicity
Alternate Hypothesis: There are differences in work commitment of nurses across Ethnicity
Decision Rule: The decision rule at the alpha level of 0.05 level of significance that is beyond 95 % confidence interval is to accept the null hypothesis if p value < 0.05 or equal to 0.05. However, if the test statistic value falls within the 95 % confidence interval then null hypothesis should be rejected and alternate hypothesis should be accepted. It will be interpreted that there exists enough statistical evidence regarding the fact that work related stress has statistically significant impact upon the intention to leave off the nurses.
One-way ANOVA : To test the hypothesis one-way ANOVA is used.
Table 2: ANOVA
Commitment |
|||||
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
Between Groups |
354.463 |
3 |
118.154 |
.425 |
.735 |
Within Groups |
50626.276 |
182 |
278.166 |
||
Total |
50980.739 |
185 |
Interpretation: From table 2 it is found that F(3,182) = 0.425, p-value = 0.735. Since p-value (0.735) is more than the significance level (0.05) hence we do not reject the Null Hypothesis. Discussion: Thus it can be interpreted that there is no significant difference in intention to leave between ethnicity of nurses.
Research Questions: The research question is concerns with the ability of work related stress to influence the intention to leave of the nurses. Thus the relevant research question can be highlighted as follows:
- To what extent work related stress renders impact upon the intention to leave of the nurses?
t-test results
Null Hypothesis (H0) = Work related stress renders significant impact upon the intention to leave of the nurses.
Alternate Hypothesis (H1) = Work related stress has no impact upon the intention to leave of the nurses.
Decision Rule: The decision rule at the alpha level of 0.05 level of significance that is beyond 95 % confidence interval is to accept the null hypothesis if p value < 0.05 or equal to 0.05. However, if the test statistic value falls within the 95 % confidence interval then null hypothesis should be rejected and alternate hypothesis should be accepted. It will be interpreted that there exists enough statistical evidence regarding the fact that work related stress has statistically significant impact upon the intention to leave off the nurses (Anderson et al., 2017).
Analysis:
Table 3: Descriptive Statistics
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
N |
|
Commitment |
66.07 |
16.600 |
186 |
Work Related Stress |
15.92 |
4.363 |
186 |
The statistical valuations incorporate the fact that mean values of work related stress is 15.92 and the mean of 66.07. While the respective standard deviation is 4.363 and 16.600. The total number of sample population 186.
Table 4: Correlations
Commitment |
Work Related Stress |
||
Pearson Correlation |
Commitment |
1.000 |
-.206 |
Work Related Stress |
-.206 |
1.000 |
|
Sig. (1-tailed) |
Commitment |
. |
.002 |
Work Related Stress |
.002 |
. |
|
N |
Commitment |
186 |
186 |
Work Related Stress |
186 |
186 |
From the correlation table it is seen that the Pearson correlation between work related stress and that of work commitment is -0.206. This reflects the fact that the correlation that exists between work commitment and work related stress is negatively and moderately correlated.
Based on the sample population there is statistically significant evidence that shows that the 1 tailed significance is 0.002 which is lower than the alpha level of the p value taken under consideration which is 0.05. Due to the reason that 0.002 < 0.05 hence, the correlation between work commitment and that of work related stress is - 0.206 which shows that the correlation is negative and the correlation is statistically significant as there exists enough evidence that supports the fact that there is prevalence of significant correlation between work related stress and work commitment within the nurses.
Table 5: Model Summary
Model |
R |
R Square |
Adjusted R Square |
Std. Error of the Estimate |
1 |
.206a |
.042 |
.037 |
16.289 |
a. Predictors: (Constant), Work Related Stress |
The R square value represent the percentage of variation of the dependent variable that is explainable by the independent or explanatory variable which is the work related stress. R square is thus considered as the coefficient of determination and the correlation measurement is considered to be the goodness of fit. It is been seen that the value of R square is 0.042 and hence nearby 4.2 % of work commitment is predictable by the work related stress. Thus about 4.2 % of variation in the work commitment is due to the work related stress.
ANOVA results
Table 6: ANOVA
Model |
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
1 |
Regression |
2160.626 |
1 |
2160.626 |
8.143 |
.005b |
Residual |
48820.113 |
184 |
265.327 |
|||
Total |
50980.739 |
185 |
||||
a. Dependent Variable: Commitment |
Table 7: Coefficients
Model |
Unstandardized Coefficients |
Standardized Coefficients |
t |
Sig. |
||
B |
Std. Error |
Beta |
||||
1 |
(Constant) |
78.538 |
4.530 |
17.338 |
.000 |
|
WorkRelatedStress |
-.783 |
.274 |
-.206 |
-2.854 |
.005 |
|
a. Dependent Variable: Commitment |
Based on the values the regression equation can be formulated as follows:
- Y = 78.538 – 0.783*Work Related Stress
Where the coefficient is – 0.783 and the intercept is 78.538. -0.783 is the slope of the line and 78.538 is the intercept.
Research Questions
The research question is concerns with the ability of Work competency level to influence the intention to leave of the nurses. Based on the purpose of the research, the research questions are incorporated in order to predict the variation and impact upon nurses’ work commitment by one of the parametric factors of intention to leave which is Work competency level. Thus the relevant research question can be highlighted as follows:
- To what extent Work competency level renders impact upon the intention to leave of the nurses?
Null Hypothesis
The null and the alternate hypothesis are:
Null Hypothesis (H0) = Work competency level renders significant impact upon the intention to leave/work commitment of the nurses.
Alternate Hypothesis (H1) = Work competency level has no impact upon the intention to leave/ work commitment of the nurses.
Decision Rule
Based on the null and alternate hypotheses, the respective decision rule can be reflected as follows:
Decision Rule: The decision rule at the alpha level of 0.05 level of significance that is beyond 95 % confidence interval is to accept the null hypothesis if p value < 0.05 or equal to 0.05. However, if the test statistic value falls within the 95 % confidence interval then null hypothesis should be rejected and alternate hypothesis should be accepted. It will be interpreted that there exists enough statistical evidence regarding the fact that Work competency level has statistically significant impact upon the intention to leave off the nurses.
Table 8: Descriptive Statistics
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
N |
|
Commitment |
66.07 |
16.600 |
186 |
Work Competency Level |
20.85 |
5.144 |
186 |
The statistical valuations incorporates the fact that mean values of Work competency level is 20.85 and the mean of 66.07. While the respective standard deviation is 5.144 and 16.600. The total number of sample population 186.
Table 9: Correlations
Commitment |
Work Competency Level |
||
Pearson Correlation |
Commitment |
1.000 |
-.151 |
Work Competency Level |
-.151 |
1.000 |
|
Sig. (1-tailed) |
Commitment |
. |
.020 |
Work Competency Level |
.020 |
. |
|
N |
Commitment |
186 |
186 |
Work Competency Level |
186 |
186 |
From the correlation table it is seen that the correlation coefficient in case of Work competency level and that of work commitment is - 0.151. This reflects the fact that the correlation that exists between work commitment and Work competency level is negatively and moderately correlated.
Based on the sample population there is statistically significant evidence that shows that the 1 tailed significance is 0.02 which is lower than the alpha level of the p value taken under consideration which is 0.05. Due to the reason that 0.02 < 0.05 hence, the correlation between work commitment and that of Work competency level is - 0.151 which shows that the correlation is negative and the correlation is statistically significant as there exists enough evidence that supports the fact that there is prevalence of significant correlation between Work competency level and work commitment within the nurses.
Correlation analysis
The dependent variable in the analysis is the work commitment and hence the impact of the Work competency level upon that of the work commitment of the nurses is being evaluated. Hence the response variable is work commitment and the explanatory variable is Work competency level.
Table 10: Model Summary
Model |
R |
R Square |
Adjusted R Square |
Std. Error of the Estimate |
1 |
.151a |
.023 |
.018 |
16.454 |
a. Predictors: (Constant), Work Competency Level |
The R square value represent the percentage of variation of the dependent variable that is explainable by the independent or explanatory variable which is the Work competency level. R square is thus considered as the coefficient of determination and the correlation measurement is considered to be the goodness of fit. It is been seen that the value of R square is 0.023 and hence nearby 2.3 % of work commitment is predictable by the Work competency level. Thus about 2.3 % of variation in the work commitment is due to the Work competency level.
Table 11: ANOVA
Model |
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
1 |
Regression |
1166.111 |
1 |
1166.111 |
4.307 |
.039b |
Residual |
49814.628 |
184 |
270.732 |
|||
Total |
50980.739 |
185 |
||||
a. Dependent Variable: Commitment |
||||||
b. Predictors: (Constant), Work Competency Level |
Table 12: Coefficients
Model |
Unstandardized Coefficients |
Standardized Coefficients |
t |
Sig. |
||
B |
Std. Error |
Beta |
||||
1 |
(Constant) |
76.244 |
5.049 |
15.100 |
.000 |
|
Work Competency Level |
-.488 |
.235 |
-.151 |
-2.075 |
.039 |
|
a. Dependent Variable: Commitment |
Based on the values the regression equation can be formulated as follows:
- Y = 76.244 – 0.488* Work Competency Level
Where the coefficient is -0.488 and the intercept is 76.244.
Research Questions
The research question is concerns with the ability of Opportunities for development to influence the intention to leave of the nurses. Based on the purpose of the research, the research questions are incorporated in order to predict the variation and impact upon nurses’ work commitment by one of the parametric factors of intention to leave which is Opportunities for development. Thus the relevant research question can be highlighted as follows:
- To what extent Opportunities for development renders impact upon the intention to leave of the nurses?
Null Hypothesis
The null and the alternate hypothesis are:
Null Hypothesis (H0) = Opportunities for development renders significant impact upon the intention to leave/work commitment of the nurses.
Alternate Hypothesis (H1) = Opportunities for development has no impact upon the intention to leave/work commitment of the nurses.
Decision Rule
Based on the null and alternate hypotheses, the respective decision rule can be reflected as follows:
Decision Rule: The decision rule at the alpha level of 0.05 level of significance that is beyond 95 % confidence interval is to accept the null hypothesis if p value < 0.05 or equal to 0.05. However, if the test statistic value falls within the 95 % confidence interval then null hypothesis should be rejected and alternate hypothesis should be accepted. However, if it be found to have its presence within the 5 % level of significance then null hypothesis will be accepted and the alternative hypothesis will be accepted. It will be interpreted that there exists enough statistical evidence regarding the fact that Opportunities for development has statistically significant impact upon the intention to leave off the nurses.
Regression analysis
Univariate Data Analysis
Table 13: Descriptive Statistics
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
N |
|
Commitment |
66.07 |
16.600 |
186 |
Opportunities for Development |
18.51 |
4.843 |
186 |
The statistical valuations incorporates the fact that mean values of Opportunities for development is 18.51 and the mean of 66.07. While the respective standard deviation is 4.843 and 16.600. The total number of sample population 186.
Table 14: Correlations
Commitment |
Opportunities for Development |
||
Pearson Correlation |
Commitment |
1.000 |
-.088 |
Opportunities for Development |
-.088 |
1.000 |
|
Sig. (1-tailed) |
Commitment |
. |
.115 |
Opportunities for Development |
.115 |
. |
|
N |
Commitment |
186 |
186 |
Opportunities for Development |
186 |
186 |
The value of the correlation coefficient in case of Opportunities for development and that of work commitment is -0.088. This reflects the fact that the correlation that exists between work commitment and Opportunities for development is negatively and moderately correlated.
Based on the sample population there is statistically significant evidence that shows that the 1 tailed significance is 0.115 which is higher than the alpha level of the p value taken under consideration which is 0.05. Due to the reason that 0.115 > 0.05 hence, the correlation between work commitment and that of Opportunities for development is - 0.115 which shows that the correlation is negative and the correlation is statistically insignificant as there does not exists enough evidence that supports the fact that there is prevalence of significant correlation between Opportunities for development and work commitment within the nurses.
The dependent variable in the analysis is the work commitment and hence the impact of the Opportunities for development upon that of the work commitment of the nurses is being evaluated. Hence the response variable is work commitment and the explanatory variable is Opportunities for development.
Table 15: Model Summary
Model |
R |
R Square |
Adjusted R Square |
Std. Error of the Estimate |
1 |
.088a |
.008 |
.002 |
16.580 |
a. Predictors: (Constant), Opportunities for Development |
The R square value represent the percentage of variation of the dependent variable that is explainable by the independent or explanatory variable which is the Opportunities for development. R square is thus considered as the coefficient of determination and the correlation measurement is considered to be the goodness of fit. It is been seen that the value of R square is 0.008 and hence nearby 0.8 % of work commitment is predictable by the Opportunities for development. Thus about 0.8 % of variation in the work commitment is due to the Opportunities for development.
Table 16: ANOVA
ANOVAa |
||||||
Model |
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
1 |
Regression |
398.994 |
1 |
398.994 |
1.451 |
.230b |
Residual |
50581.745 |
184 |
274.901 |
|||
Total |
50980.739 |
185 |
||||
a. Dependent Variable: Commitment |
||||||
b. Predictors: (Constant), Opportunities for Development |
Table 17: Coefficients
Coefficients |
||||||
Model |
Unstandardized Coefficients |
Standardized Coefficients |
t |
Sig. |
||
B |
Std. Error |
Beta |
||||
1 |
(Constant) |
71.682 |
4.816 |
14.886 |
.000 |
|
Opportunities for Development |
-.303 |
.252 |
-.088 |
-1.205 |
.230 |
|
a. Dependent Variable: Commitment |
Based on the values the regression equation can be formulated as follows:
- Y = 71.682 – 0.303*Opportunities for Development
Where the coefficient is – 0.303 and the intercept is 71.682.
-0.303 is the slope of the line and 71.682 is the intercept.
Research Questions
The research question is concerns with the ability of Professional support received to influence the intention to leave of the nurses. Based on the purpose of the research, the research questions are incorporated in order to predict the variation and impact upon nurses’ work commitment by one of the parametric factors of intention to leave which is Professional support received. Thus the relevant research question can be highlighted as follows:
- To what extent Professional support received renders impact upon the work commitment/ intention to leave of the nurses?
Impact of Work Competency Level
Null Hypothesis
The null and the alternate hypothesis are:
Null Hypothesis (H0) = Professional support received renders significant impact upon the work commitment/ intention to leave of the nurses.
Alternate Hypothesis (H1) = Professional support received has no impact upon the work commitment/intention to leave of the nurses.
Decision Rule
Based on the null and alternate hypotheses, the respective decision rule can be reflected as follows:
Decision Rule: The decision rule at the alpha level of 0.05 level of significance that is beyond 95 % confidence interval is to accept the null hypothesis if p value < 0.05 or equal to 0.05. However, if the test statistic value falls within the 95 % confidence interval then null hypothesis should be rejected and alternate hypothesis should be accepted. It will be interpreted that there exists enough statistical evidence regarding the fact that Professional support received has statistically significant impact upon the intention to leave off the nurses.
Univariate Data Analysis
Table 18: Descriptive Statistics
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
N |
|
Commitment |
66.07 |
16.600 |
186 |
Professional Support Received |
21.26 |
4.874 |
186 |
The statistical valuations incorporates the fact that mean values of Professional support received is 21.26 and the mean of 66.07. While the respective standard deviation is 4.874 and 16.600. The total number of sample population 186.
Table 19: Correlations
Correlations |
|||
Commitment |
Professional Support Received |
||
Pearson Correlation |
Commitment |
1.000 |
-.138 |
Professional Support Received |
-.138 |
1.000 |
|
Sig. (1-tailed) |
Commitment |
. |
.030 |
Professional Support Received |
.030 |
. |
|
N |
Commitment |
186 |
186 |
Professional Support Received |
186 |
186 |
The value of the correlation coefficient in case of Professional support received and that of work commitment is -0.138. This reflects the fact that the correlation that exists between work commitment and Professional support received is negatively and moderately correlated.
Based on the sample population there is statistically significant evidence that shows that the 1 tailed significance is 0.03 which is lower than the alpha level of the p value taken under consideration which is 0.05. Due to the reason that 0.03 < 0.05 hence, the correlation between work commitment and that of Professional support received is - 0.138 which shows that the correlation is negative and the correlation is statistically significant as there exists enough evidence that supports the fact that there is prevalence of significant correlation between Professional support received and work commitment within the nurses.
The dependent variable in the analysis is the work commitment and hence the impact of the Professional support received upon that of the work commitment of the nurses is being evaluated. Hence the response variable is work commitment and the explanatory variable is Professional support received.
Table 20: Model Summary
Model Summary |
||||
Model |
R |
R Square |
Adjusted R Square |
Std. Error of the Estimate |
1 |
.138a |
.019 |
.014 |
16.485 |
a. Predictors: (Constant), Professional Support Received |
The R square value represent the percentage of variation of the dependent variable that is explainable by the independent or explanatory variable which is the Professional support received. R square is thus considered as the coefficient of determination and the correlation measurement is considered to be the goodness of fit. It is been seen that the value of R square is 0.019 and hence nearby 1.9 % of work commitment is predictable by the Professional support received. Thus about 1.9 % of variation in the work commitment is due to the Professional support received.
Conclusion
Table 21: ANOVA
ANOVAa |
||||||
Model |
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
1 |
Regression |
977.255 |
1 |
977.255 |
3.596 |
.059b |
Residual |
50003.484 |
184 |
271.758 |
|||
Total |
50980.739 |
185 |
||||
a. Dependent Variable: Commitment |
||||||
b. Predictors: (Constant), Professional Support Received |
Table 22: Coefficients
Coefficients |
||||||
Model |
Unstandardized Coefficients |
Standardized Coefficients |
t |
Sig. |
||
B |
Std. Error |
Beta |
||||
1 |
(Constant) |
76.092 |
5.422 |
14.034 |
.000 |
|
Professional Support Received |
-.472 |
.249 |
-.138 |
-1.896 |
.059 |
|
a. Dependent Variable: Commitment |
Based on the values the regression equation can be formulated as follows:
- Y = 76.092 – 0.472 * Professional Support Received
Where the coefficient is – 0.472 and the intercept is 76.092. -0.472 is the slope of the line and 76.092 is the intercept.
Moreover, the p value reflects that beyond 95 % confidence interval and 5 % level of significance the p value of Professional support received is 0.059 which is more than 0.05. Hence, the null hypothesis is rejected that Professional support received possess weak impact upon the work commitment and the relationship that exists between professional supports received and work commitment of the nurses is insignificant.
Table 23: Descriptive Statistics
Mean |
Std. Deviation |
N |
|
Commitment |
66.07 |
16.600 |
186 |
Work Related Stress |
15.92 |
4.363 |
186 |
Work Competency Level |
20.85 |
5.144 |
186 |
Opportunities for Development |
18.51 |
4.843 |
186 |
Professional Support Received |
21.26 |
4.874 |
186 |
It is been seen that the lowest standard deviation from mean is observed in case of work related stress where the value is 4.363.
Table 24: Model Summaru
Model Summary |
||||
Model |
R |
R Square |
Adjusted R Square |
Std. Error of the Estimate |
1 |
.231a |
.053 |
.033 |
16.328 |
a. Predictors: (Constant), Professional Support Received, Work Related Stress, Work Competency Level, Opportunities for Development |
The R square value represent the percentage of variation of the dependent variable that is explainable by the independent or explanatory variable. R square is thus considered as the coefficient of determination and the correlation measurement is considered to be the goodness of fit. It is been seen that the value of R square is 0.53 and hence nearby 53 % of work commitment is predictable by the Opportunities for development. Thus about 53 % of variation in the work commitment is due to the explanatory variables. The adjusted R square is a more reliable test statistic since it takes under consideration the population sample size which interprets the fact that about 33 % of the variation in the work commitment. The standard error measures the variability of the actual work commitment from the predicted value of the work commitment whose value came out to be 16.328.
Table 25: ANOVA
ANOVAa |
||||||
Model |
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
1 |
Regression |
2724.501 |
4 |
681.125 |
2.555 |
.041b |
Residual |
48256.238 |
181 |
266.609 |
|||
Total |
50980.739 |
185 |
||||
a. Dependent Variable: Commitment |
||||||
b. Predictors: (Constant), Professional Support Received, Work Related Stress, Work Competency Level, Opportunities for Development |
Table 26: Coefficients
|
Based on the values the regression equation can be formulated as follows:
- Commitment = 78.957 – 0.886*Work Related Stress – 0.246 *Work Competency Level – 0.636*Opportunities for Development – 0.256*Professional Support Received
Interpretation
Thus the test is has passed. Moreover, the p value reflects that beyond 95 % confidence interval and 5 % level of significance the p value of work related stress is 0.033 which is less than 0.05. Hence, the null hypothesis is accepted that work related possess strong impact upon the work commitment and the relationship that exists between works related stress and work commitment of the nurses is strongly significant.
Conclusion
In order to understand the relation between Commitment to work and Work Related Stress, Work Competency Level, Opportunities for Development and Professional Support Received both univariate as well multivariate regression analysis was used. In addition, correlation analysis was also used.
The correlation analysis shows that all the four factors Work Related Stress, Work Competency Level, Opportunities for Development and Professional Support Received are negatively correlated with commitment. Moreover, all the four variables are weekly correlated.
The relation of work related stress with commitment shows that with increase in stress, there is a decrease in commitment towards work. Moreover, the coefficient of work related stress is statistically significant. In addition, the predictability of commitment from work related stress is also very weak.
The relation of work competency level with commitment shows that with increase in competency level, there is a decrease in commitment towards work. Moreover, the coefficient of work competency level is statistically significant. In addition, the predictability of commitment from work competency level is also very weak.
The relation of opportunities for development with commitment shows that with increase in opportunities, there is a decrease in commitment towards work. Moreover, the coefficient of opportunities for development is statistically not significant. In addition, the predictability of commitment from opportunities for development is negligible.
The relation of professional support received with commitment shows that with increase in professional support, there is a decrease in commitment towards work. Moreover, the coefficient for professional support received is statistically not significant. In addition, the predictability of commitment from professional support received is negligible.
The multivariate analysis shows that four variables can significantly predict commitment. However, the coefficients of Work Competency Level, Opportunities for Development and Professional Support Received are not statistically significant. Moreover, the predictability of commitment from the four variables is also poor.
References
Black, K. (2016). Business statistics: for contemporary decision making. 9th Edition. John Wiley & Sons.
Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., & Cochran, J. J. (2017). Essentials of Modern Business Statistics With Microsoft Excel.. South–Western Pub.
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