A Systemic Overview Of Paradigm In Management: Bureaucratic And Cultural Control

Question:

Discuss About Thee Systemic Overview Of Paradigm In Management?

The organisational control means the process through an organisation gives shares their decision to its members and subunits to meet the organisational objectives and goals. If the management can properly design the control, it can lead to the best performance. In addition, organisational control involves in four basic steps, establish the standards, measure the performance, compare the standards and take right actions. Employees of the organisation behave in accordance to the set goals. Managers monitor and evaluate how the employees are converting inputs into the outputs and they also check whether the quality of the service or products is improving. As suggested by Knights and Willmott (2012), management within the workplace must be innovative in outlook and it encourages the risk-taking ability of the managers. Knights and Willmott (2012) segregated the organisational control into four major categories, a) direct supervision b) bureaucratic procedures c) cultural control and d) output and self-regulation. These are the different methods that managers can look to regulate the actions of the employees so that the staffs can be consistent with their standards and goals. These different ways have their respective control power and motivational technique. In this essay, Bureaucratic Control and Cultural Control have been discussed with their benefits and challenges within the organisation. 

The German sociologist, famous Max Weber described first about bureaucratic control within the organisation and his concept of bureaucratic control emerged from the efficient and rational response to issues of large-scale social and economic activities. Khorasani and Almasifard (2017), supported Weber by commenting that bureaucracy is goal-oriented control within the organisation featured by hierarchical communication and management system. Bureaucracy provides the extensive division of staffs into some specialised works. Max Weber observed bureaucracy as the impersonal rules of the organisation and standardised procedures. Employees need to able to perform well before determined standards. Max Weber provides complex and broken down structure for the division of employees and he also propagates the effort of coordinated and directed rules. According to (Kennedy et al. 2017), bureaucratic control can be defined as a formal system of procedures and written rules of the management. Bureaucratic control methods rely primarily on the units and individuals within the organisation that can establish bureaucratic standards. Within an organisation, the bureaucratic control provides help in budgetary control as this is the rule of allocating the financial resources. Managers sometimes encourage the growth of subunits within the organisation as this group may improve in capital spending. As stated by Erasmus (2014), bureaucracy helps to divide the work and each staff work on their specialisation. Managers in this control system keep the records and acts as the draft. Personal relations are maintained in a formal way in the workplace in all departments.

Bureaucracy provides the benefits when the employees are selected based on the technical competence and training is provided based on administrative procedure. Bureaucracy control from the management provides the advantage of having a specialised workforce as the members of the workforce are assigned to specialised tasks of their genre (Kennedy et al. 2017). In addition, bureaucracy control creates structure within the organisation specifying the responsibilities and duties of the employees as this type of organisation follows the commanding hierarchy within the workplace. Decision-making of the managers in the routine situation is very important in bureaucracy as objectivity is ensured by setting the decision-making criteria. The major features of bureaucracy are the rules, specialisation, structure and regulation; therefore these are all ensured training and stability within the organisation. The structural framework creates the sense of predictability. Moreover, the managers provide stress in the technical competence and qualification that make the organisation democratic as prescribed policies, practice and rules are patronised by the managers.

Benefits of Bureaucratic Control

On the other side, bureaucracy within the organisation can set the rigid rules for the staffs and labour class. The employees can feel the sense of rigidity as the rules are not flexible always. The managers try to follow the rigid compliance of regulation and it can discourage the creativity of the staffs. As opined by Coombs et al. (1992), rigidity can provide cover to the avoidance of responsibility for the failure. Bureaucracy control sometimes referred to as the goal displacement as employees in lower level cannot help themselves to meet the organisational objectives; organisational objectives get neglected focusing mainly on personal development objectives in lower level. Bureaucratic control stresses mainly on the mechanical way of working as the creative thinking and impersonality get neglected as organisations do not give priority to the employees' emotion and needs. Bureaucratic control from the managers segregates the department as the employees just do their own work which ones they are capable of. This process of working makes the compartmentalisation of working activities. Managers do excessive paperwork for taking a decision regarding bureaucracy control and they are needed to maintain a draft always. Self-interests are predominant in the bureaucracy system of control as superiors always try to increase the subordinates as this is the symbol of prestige and power.

Organisational culture is associated with assumptions and values that are shared with employees within a workplace. Cultural control associates with regulating the behaviour by communicating and socialising the employees so that the employees can internalise the assumptions and values. Employees can act in a manner as it is consistent with them. In this way, employees within the organisation tend to be self-control and they try to regulate their behaviour so that their behaviour must align with organisational objectives (Lowry and Moody 2015). When the organisations have strong culture, the employees accept the organisational assumptions, morality and values. In order to control staffs and the management needs economics control system' this control is far from the bureaucratic and personal controls. Self-control of the employees within the organisation reduces the monitoring costs of the organisation (Mass et al. 2014). For instance, Bill Gates has always been tried to set strong organisational culture to set the self- control for the employees and to regulate the behaviour of the employees. It has been observed that Bill Gates always provides special emphasis on technical brilliance, willingness to work for long hours and competitiveness in the workplace. Therefore, today Microsoft is a brilliant organisation, not by the bureaucratic control, but by the self-control and strong organisational culture control. Employees within the workplace need to socialise with the fellow employees so that the visions can be shared with the co-workers (Andreassen et al. 2015). The organisations should trust the employees and employees need to work hard as they are in the very competitive market and today it is the pervasive side of the culture. According to Lowry and Moody (2015), cultural control is the inner control that brings together desired control and it empowers the practices that can enable the creativity. The cultural control system is associated with the innovation as corporate culture has both closed and open features and these increase the creativity to generate innovation.

Challenges of Bureaucratic Control

Charles Handy propagated the organisational culture aspects and his concept has four dimensions of organisational culture. Power culture is associated with high pace, the dominance of individuals and direct involvement of the owners. Role culture within the organisation is associated with the bureaucratic role specific, lack of innovations and organic growth. Task culture is associated with the high pace, team-oriented and highly ambitious (Leclercq-Vandelannoitte et al. 2014). Lastly, Personal culture is associated with the cultural control as employees within the organisation is individual centred and organised around the owner.

Culture is the way of maintaining the behaviour of the employees and it brings stability to the workplace. Cultural control can reduce the monitoring cost; however, it is not beneficial always. Cultural control can create dysfunction within the workplace when it creates a hard-driving and competitive atmosphere within the workplace. In this respect, many staffs can leave the organisation, therefore the companies are trying to become more accommodating and they are changing their culture. According to Khorasani and Almasifard (2017), motivation and performance management among the staffs can increase the interests to work within an organisation and effective leadership can enhance the corporate culture.

I have been working as an intern within an organisation and I have to work in a team. In my workplace, like most of the organisations, the management is using the mix methods in order to achieve the control. There is strong management control within my workplace and hierarchy is followed to deploy the working relationship. Bureaucratic control is applied through using the set of standards for capital spending and budget making. I have been working there as an employee and senior executives have control over the employees’ responsibilities and duties. The leaders of the organisation mainly focus on cultural control to improve the shared values, rewards and punishment and performance enhancement of the employees. In addition, I have found that cultural control of my organisation is associated with the mission statement as the employees should keep in mind. Cultural control is like the unwritten norms and working ethics set by the organisation. It is included the anti-discrimination regulation of the employees. I have been given training when I first joined in my organisation as the management thought that skill improvement is needed for the employees. Career development of the existing employees is very much important, therefore, the organisation needs to follow the correct process for bureaucratic and cultural control.   

In this article named ‘Motivation; That's Maslow isn't it?' by Tony Watson, the author explained the motivation from the perspective of teachers and management students, not by the organizational or managerial sides. This article is unique from its perspective of stating motivation from the reflection of the management students and the experiment was carried from the teachers' perspective as well. Management of an organisation needs to know about the employees' needs and the rules must adhere to the employees' interests of working. Motivation in the workplace is the reasons behind employees' good working (Watson 1996). The author stated about the motivation from the theoretical perspective and he criticised the management courses that provide only theoretical knowledge about motivation. Students only know the theories of motivation such as Maslow Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg theory of motivation, McGregor's theory of X and Y and Victor Vroom's theory. The authors said about professors discussed only the theoretical knowledge of motivation through course materials, tape recorder and books. The students need to be motivated to discuss the various aspects of motivation like extrinsic motivation, job satisfaction and intrinsic motivation in the workplace.

Cultural Control

This research is focussed on the ethnographic intent and emphasis is given on the insights of the cultural forms. The essence of the research of the author was set on the localised culture of the management classroom. In this culture based classroom or learning community, priorities are set upon the values and norms. This study focuses on the students' participation in the classroom and motivational aspects of the students' knowledge. Management faculties need to pay special attention to the understanding of the culture and motivation (Ismail 2016).  The author talked about surface-level processing where the students need to focus on the recall of the subject matter. Students are now engaged in surface learning and not in deep learning. As stated by Entwistle and Ramsden (2015), surface learning is all about aimless accumulation of knowledge and it does not provide deep knowledge on the subject, Being a student of management, I believe in core subjective knowledge that I can use in future in my workplace. University education should focus on illuminating students to have theoretical knowledge that can be utilised in the practical atmosphere also. In this study of Tony Watson, motivational experiments of the managers and teachers have been provided and it metaphorically highlighted the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs as different students have a different level of needs.

In my future workplace, I want to have training, career development, rewards and intrinsic motivation. Students of management have to understand the needs as well like family, health and needs of employees. Safety of the employees within the workplace is also needed and employment security is another factor that must be kept in mind. The requirement of self-esteem motivates the employees that provide self-confidence to achieve the target. Self-actualisation helps to set target. I have understood that the study materials provide too little understanding of the subjective matter what the students are going to use in their future workplace.  

Reference List

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